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| If you are brand new to Gentoo Linux or Funtoo Linux, this page will help you to get familiar with your new system, and how it works.
| | {{Person |
| | |Geoloc=48.123028496893525, -1.671895980834961 |
| | |Location name=Rennes, Bretagne, France |
| | |Full name=Antoine Pinsard |
| | |Email=antoine.pinsard@gmail.com |
| | |Nick=pytony |
| | }} |
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| == Intro to Emerge: Installing an Editor == | | == About Me == |
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| By default, Funtoo Linux has the <tt>nano</tt> and <tt>vi</tt> editors installed. <tt>nano</tt> is the default editor.
| | I am a 23 years old French developer. I am currently working as lead developer for a web start-up called ''Aladom'' (home services sector) in Rennes (Brittany, France). I started developing websites at the age of 11, which, bit by bit, led me to programming and GNU/Linux. I moved to Gentoo in 2010 and then Funtoo about three years later, in order to become the master of my computer and not the opposite. I am especially enthusiast about getting rid of features I don't need/use. |
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| If you are new to Funtoo Linux, you have probably heard about <tt>[[emerge]]</tt>, the Funtoo and Gentoo Linux command for installing packages from the Portage tree. Funtoo Linux has a git-based Portage tree, which is located at <tt>/usr/portage</tt> by default. It contains scripts called ''ebuilds'' that describe how to build and install packages from source. <tt>emerge</tt> is used to run these scripts and install packages, as follows:
| | == How I met <del>your mother</del> Funtoo? == |
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| <console>
| | I don't remember. |
| # ##i##emerge vim
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| </console>
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| You can also see what packages ''would'' be installed, but not actually install them, by using the <tt>-p</tt>, or <tt>--pretend</tt> option:
| | == Why I stick to Funtoo? == |
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| <console> | | In my childhood as a wee developer, I moved from distro to distro by curiosity, without understanding, fundamentally, the difference between them. This is the day I moved to Gentoo that I had a click. Well... the day... I must say the first time I booted on Gentoo Install CD, it was like "OK... Where are fancy windows and OK buttons... Am I really supposed to type some text here? Hmm... looks like this CD is buggy, let's try another distro.". But eventually I came to it again, and went through the famous handbook. I remember, It took the night to compile Gnome 3 and the nearly 200 "dependencies" and I had to wait until the early morning to get my fancy interface. A month later I had the feeling I had learn so much (and totally screwed up my system with my newbies commands) I had to reinstall Gentoo, and this time decided to build my own kernel thanks to kernel-seeds.org. Miraculously, it worked. Well... actually, I chose vanilla-sources, and as a total ignorant of what "vanilla" meant, I thought it would be a good idea to turn on {{c|USE<nowiki>=</nowiki>vanilla}} in {{c|/etc/make.conf}} to optimize packages for my kernel... No need to tell you it did not take a month to screw up my system. So I tried again, I loved it. |
| # ##i##emerge -p vim
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| </console> | |
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| Another equally handy option is the <tt>-a</tt>, or <tt>--ask</tt> option, which will display the packages to be merged, and then ask for confirmation from you before continuing:
| | All of this is funny but this does not tell us why I moved to Funtoo and will stick to it. |
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| <console>
| | == My Projects == |
| # ##i##emerge -a emacs
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| These are the packages that would be merged, in order:
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/chuse chuse] - Portage tool to change USE flags and keep history of changes done |
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/Sapher-BT Sapher-BT] - A tiny bug tracker I developed to fit my needs as lead dev at Aladom |
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/Pi-Flavor Pi-Flavor] - OS from scratch in ARMv6 assembly for Raspberry Pi (sounds cool said like this, but actually it just blinks the ACT LED for now) |
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/mycfg-vim mycfg-vim] - My Vim configuration (If you want to get inspired or suggest me some stuff) |
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/mycfg-awesome mycfg-awesome] - My Awesome WM configuration (If you want to get inspired or suggest me some stuff) |
| | * [https://github.com/apinsard/prettress-sm prettress-sm] - The project for which I actually only wrote the README |
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| Calculating dependencies... done!
| | == Around the web == |
| [ebuild N ] app-admin/eselect-emacs-1.13
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| [ebuild N ] net-libs/liblockfile-1.09
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| [ebuild N ] app-emacs/emacs-common-gentoo-1.3-r1 USE="-X -emacs22icons"
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| [ebuild N ] app-editors/emacs-23.4-r1 USE="alsa gif gpm jpeg png tiff xpm -X -Xaw3d (-aqua) -athena -dbus -gconf -gtk -gzip-el -hesiod -kerberos -livecd -m17n-lib -motif -sound -source -svg -toolkit-scroll-bars -xft"
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| [ebuild N ] virtual/emacs-23
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| Would you like to merge these packages? [Yes/No] ##i##y
| | {{#widget:LinkedIn |
| </console>
| | |profile=http://www.linkedin.com/in/apinsard |
| | | |name=Antoine Pinsard |
| In the above <tt>emerge</tt> output, you can see some text beginning with <tt>USE=</tt> on the <tt>app-editors/emacs</tt> line. This means that this package has a number of optional build-time features which can be controlled using Portage USE variables. These USE variables can be set globally by adding a line such as this to <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt>:
| | |norelated}} |
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| <pre>
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| USE="gif jpeg png tiff xpm"
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| </pre>
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| If you go ahead and make these changes, and then run <tt>emerge -a emacs</tt> again, you will notice that several more dependencies will be pulled into the list of packages to be merged. You can control the footprint of your Funtoo Linux system (and avoid bloat) by enabling only the USE variables you need.
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| Above, we enabled several USE variables globally in <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt>. It is also possible to enable USE variables on a per-package basis, and often times this is the best approach. If you wanted to enable <tt>gtk</tt> for emacs only, you would create the <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt> directory, and create an <tt>emacs</tt> file in it that contained the following:
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| <pre>
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| app-editors/emacs gtk
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| </pre>
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| Note that <tt>package.use</tt> can also be a file if you prefer. However, using an <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt> directory is recommended as it keeps things better organized. The filenames you use inside the <tt>package.use</tt> directory do not impact Portage behavior and can be named whatever is convenient for you. You might want to put the settings above in a file called <tt>/etc/portage/package.use/editors</tt> if you have several USE settings that you use for editors.
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| See the [[emerge]] page for more information on various emerge command-line options and best practices.
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| ==== Default editor ====
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| Funtoo Linux also has a special meta-command called <tt>eselect</tt>, which can be used to set many default system settings. One of the things it is used for is to set the default editor used by things like <tt>crontab -e</tt>, etc that will automatically start an editor when run. Here is how to use <tt>eselect</tt> to change the default system editor:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##eselect editor list
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| Available targets for the EDITOR variable:
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| [1] /bin/nano
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| [2] /bin/ed
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| [3] /usr/bin/ex
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| [4] /usr/bin/vi
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| [ ] (free form)
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| # ##i##eselect editor set 4
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| Setting EDITOR to /usr/bin/vi ...
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| Run ". /etc/profile" to update the variable in your shell.
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| </console>
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| After logging in again, or typing <tt>source /etc/profile</tt> in the current shell, the new system editor will be active.
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| Note that if you want to use vim instead of a vi through busybox you also need to run:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##eselect vi set vim | |
| </console>
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| === Profiles ===
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| You may have heard that Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux are metadistributions, which means that rather than being a one-size-fits-all kind of Linux, they allow you to customize your system to your liking. We have already taken a look at <tt>USE</tt> variables, and there are also various other settings that can affect the features that are installed when you emerge a package.
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| In Funtoo Linux, we have a system of ''profiles'' which can be used to enable various useful settings at once. In fact, a number of profiles are already enabled on your system. For example, on my desktop system, typing <tt>epro show</tt> produces the following output:
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| <console>
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| === Enabled Profiles: ===
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| arch: x86-64bit
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| build: current
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| subarch: generic_64
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| flavor: desktop
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| mix-ins: gnome
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| mix-ins: hardened
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| === All inherited flavors from desktop flavor: ===
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| workstation (from desktop flavor)
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| core (from workstation flavor)
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| minimal (from core flavor)
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| === All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor: ===
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| X (from workstation flavor)
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| audio (from workstation flavor)
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| dvd (from workstation flavor)
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| media (from workstation flavor)
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| mediadevice-audio-consumer (from media mix-in)
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| mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
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| mediadevice-video-consumer (from media mix-in)
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| mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
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| mediaformat-audio-common (from media mix-in)
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| mediaformat-gfx-common (from media mix-in)
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| mediaformat-video-common (from media mix-in)
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| console-extras (from workstation flavor)
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| print (from desktop flavor)
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| </console>
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| In case you're curious, these various profile settings live within <tt>/usr/portage/profiles/funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu</tt>. You can find the profile settings for (inherited) mix-in <tt>X</tt> by looking in <tt>/usr/portage/profiles/funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/X</tt>, for example.
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| Under the list of <tt>Enabled profiles</tt>, you'll see that I have an <tt>x86-64bit</tt> arch profile. In Funtoo Linux, ''all'' systems have a single arch profile defined, and this is where settings specific to your system architecture are defined. Besides the architecture, there is also a sub-architecture profile, which allows you to enable builds options which make the system even more optimised towards the specific set of CPU instructions you might have at your disposal. Like in case of architecture, only a single sub-architecture can be defined at any time for a single system. In addition, I have a build profile of ''current''. All Funtoo Linux systems have a single build profile defined, and this tells Portage what masks to apply to the Portage tree -- in other words, what selection of packages you will have available to emerge. If you are using funtoo-stable, your build profile will be ''stable'' and you will have a more limited set of packages that you can merge by default -- the stable set.
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| You will also see that I have a ''flavor'' profile. Unlike the ''arch'', ''subarch'', and ''build'' profiles, which should not be changed, you can choose another flavor if you want. In fact, we encourage you to do so. The ''flavor'' is used to define the general type of system you are creating. You can only have one flavor profile enabled, and since this command was run on a desktop-type system, I have enabled the ''desktop'' flavor. This enables a variety of settings, primarily USE flags, suitable for desktop systems.
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| You'll also see that I have a couple of ''mix-ins'' (explicitly) enabled. In Funtoo Linux, you can have zero or more mix-ins enabled -- I have ''gnome'' enabled, which sets various settings that are optimal for the use of the [[GNOME First Steps|GNOME]] desktop environment, and then I am also using the ''hardened'' mix-in, since I have set up a so-called "hardened" system with various protections against malicious attacks.
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| {{Tip|1=Take advantage of Funtoo Linux's [[:News:New Media Mix-ins| enhanced Media mix-ins]] to help you easily get the level of media support you want for your system.}}
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| Followed by the general information about enabled profiles and mix-ins come two lists - one showing any number of flavors that are inherited by the flavor you picked within profile settings, and one showing a listing of all the different mix-ins that got pulled-in by the flavor you have selected. As you can see, the desktop flavor itself inherits (and builds upon) flavors ''workstation'', ''core'', and ''minimal''. On the other hand, all of these different flavors pull in a number of mix-ins. Each mix-in shows which flavor has pulled it in. For example, the ''X'' mix-in comes with the ''workstation'' flavor, while the ''print'' mix-in comes from the ''desktop'' flavor. Some mix-ins are pulled-in by other mix-ins, as you can see for the mix-in ''mediaformat-audio-common'' - which is pulled-in by the media mix-in (which, in turn, is pulled in by the ''workstation'' flavor).
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| For now, it is not necessary to get too deep into profiles, but if you are creating a desktop system, I suggest you set the ''desktop'' flavor. To do this, type the following command as the root user:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##epro profile desktop
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| </console>
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| You will now have the ''desktop'' flavor set for your system. Type <tt>epro show</tt> to see your new settings.
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| === Updating your system === | |
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| Sometimes, you may want to update the packages on your system. Often, this is done after you run <tt>emerge --sync</tt>, which will grab Portage tree updates from the main Funtoo Linux Portage tree:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##emerge --sync
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| >>> Starting git pull...
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| remote: Counting objects: 1791, done.
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| remote: Compressing objects: 100% (206/206), done.
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| remote: Total 980 (delta 811), reused 931 (delta 764)
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| Receiving objects: 100% (980/980), 185.04 KiB, done.
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| Resolving deltas: 100% (811/811), completed with 754 local objects.
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| From git://github.com/funtoo/experimental-mini-2011
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| 7a17140..b836bc8 funtoo.org -> origin/funtoo.org
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| Updating 7a17140..b836bc8
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| Fast-forward
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| >>> Git pull in /usr/portage successful
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| * IMPORTANT: 1 news items need reading for repository 'gentoo'.
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| * Use eselect news to read news items.
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| #
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| </console>
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| You may also want to update your system after you have changed USE flag settings. To take advantage of the USE flags you have just enabled, it's necessary to recompile everything that includes them.
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| Below, you'll find a recommended <tt>emerge</tt> command for updating your entire system. The <tt>-a</tt> option will cause <tt>emerge</tt> to prompt you for confirmation before starting the merge:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##emerge -auDN world
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| </console>
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| <tt>-u</tt> tells <tt>emerge</tt> to update any already-installed but out-of-date packages that we specify on the command-line. The <tt>-D</tt> option tells <tt>emerge</tt> to perform a ''deep'' dependency tree graph, so it will include sub-dependencies of packages that we have specified on the command line as well. This allows <tt>emerge</tt> to perform as thorough an update of your system as possible.
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| The <tt>-N</tt> (<tt>--newuse</tt>) option tells Portage to check for any new USE flags that have been enabled or disabled, and rebuild packages so that all USE flags are set as currently defined in <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt> and <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt>.
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| <tt>world</tt> is a "meta-package" or "package set" which includes every package that you have manually installed plus all packages in the system set. It's important to note that whenever you ask <tt>emerge</tt> to install anything, such as <tt>metalog</tt> or <tt>vim</tt>, those packages will be automatically added to the world package set. In this way, <tt>emerge</tt> learns what packages you care about and want to keep updated. If you want to see what's in your world package set, take a look at <tt>/var/lib/portage/world</tt>:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##cat /var/lib/portage/world
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| app-editors/vim
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| app-portage/eix
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| app-portage/gentoolkit
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| dev-vcs/git
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| net-misc/bridge-utils
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| net-misc/dhcpcd
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| net-misc/keychain
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| sys-apps/gptfdisk
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| sys-apps/pciutils
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| sys-devel/bc
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| sys-fs/reiserfsprogs
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| sys-kernel/vanilla-sources
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| </console>
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| Also note that some packages may have been added to the world set by Metro when your stage3 tarball was built.
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| ==== Updating a few packages ====
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| If we simply wanted to rebuild a few packages to reflect updated USE flag settings, we could specify it instead of <tt>world</tt>. Be sure to include the <tt>-N</tt> option:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##emerge -auDN vim emacs
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| </console>
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| == Useful applications for daily usage ==
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| Here are some other packages you may want to consider installing via <tt>emerge</tt>:
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| ;<tt>app-misc/screen</tt>: Allows you to have persistent login sessions.
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| ;<tt>app-misc/tmux</tt>: Similar to <tt>screen</tt> -- some people prefer it.
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| ;<tt>app-admin/sudo</tt>: Grant root privileges to selected users and command combinations.
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| ;<tt>sys-process/htop</tt>: Colorful and informative text-based process list.
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| ;<tt>sys-process/glances</tt>: Similar to htop, includes disc I/O and network I/O in display.
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| ;<tt>app-portage/eix</tt>: Quick portage package search
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| ;<tt>app-portage/gentoolkit</tt>: Portage utils
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| ;<tt>app-misc/mc</tt>: GNU Midnight Commander is a text based file manager --- some will recall <tt>MS-DOS XtreeGold</tt>
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| ;<tt>app-text/wgetpaste</tt>: Command-line interface to various pastebins; very useful in providing info along with bugs reports
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| ;<tt>net-irc/irssi</tt>: A modular textUI IRC client with IPv6 support; a powerful tool to get help from Funtoo Community on IRC channel. Nice companion to <tt>app-text/wgetpaste</tt>
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| <console>
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| # ##i##emerge --jobs app-misc/screen sudo htop eix gentoolkit app-misc/mc wgetpaste net-irc/irssi
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| </console>
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| === Creating a user account ===
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| It's a good idea to create a normal user account that you can use for general Linux tasks. Before rebooting, create a user account for everyday use. Adjust the groups in the example below to match your needs. Some of them may not exist yet on your system. Replace "<tt><user_name></tt>" with the name you're going to use for your everyday user. The "<tt>-m</tt>" option instructs <tt>useradd</tt> to create a home directory for your user. See <tt>man useradd</tt> for more info.
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| <console>
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| # ##i##useradd -m -g users -G audio,video,cdrom,wheel <user_name>
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| </console>
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| Don't forget to set a password for your new user:
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| <console>
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| # ##i##passwd <user_name>
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| </console>
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| == Installing a graphical environment ==
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| If you intend on using your Funtoo Linux installation for more than system administration, chances are you're going to want to have a GUI (graphical user interface). In the past, setting one up involved wading through text files and man pages. Thanks to modern tools like udev this is no longer the case.
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| Unlike most operating systems, Funtoo does not ship with a GUI pre-installed. If you've used Windows or Mac OS, you'd also know that their interfaces cannot be replaced easily. With Linux, the opposite is true -- you are free to choose from a huge selection of GUIs. From window managers such as Blackbox, IceWM, and xmonad, to fully-featured desktop environments like GNOME and KDE, the possibilities are vast in number.
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| The first step in setting up a graphical environment is to set up the [[X Window System]]. Then, you will be able to install the graphical environment of your choice. [[GNOME First Steps|GNOME]] is a popular option for new users.
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| [[Category:HOWTO]]
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| [[Category:Install]]
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| [[Category:Featured]]
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