Difference between pages "Funtoo Linux First Steps" and "Install/pt-br/Overview"

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If you are brand new to Gentoo Linux or Funtoo Linux, this page will help you to get familiar with your new system, and how it works.
<noinclude>
{{InstallPart|uma visão geral inicial do processo de instalação, tão em quanto instruções de download do LiveCD e de boot}}
</noinclude>
== Visão geral da instalação ==


== Intro to Emerge: Installing an Editor ==
Essa é uma básica visão geral do processo de instalação do Funtoo:


By default, Funtoo Linux has the <tt>nano</tt> and <tt>vi</tt> editors installed. <tt>nano</tt> is the default editor.
# [[#Live CD|Baixe e boot o live CD da sua escolha]].
# [[#Prepare Hard Disk|Prepare seu disco]].
# [[#Creating filesystems|Crie]] e [[#Mounting filesystems|monte]] os filesystems.
# [[#Installing the Stage 3 tarball|Instale o tarball stage doFuntoo]] da sua escolha.
# [[#Chroot into Funtoo|Use o Chroot no seu novo sistema]].
# [[#Downloading the Portage tree|Baixe o Portage tree]].
# [[#Configuring your system|Configure seu sistema]] e sua [[#Configuring your network|rede]].
# [[#Configuring and installing the Linux kernel|Instale um kernel]].
# [[#Installing a Bootloader|Instale um bootloader]].
# [[#Finishing Steps|Complete os passos finais]].
# [[#Restart your system|Reboot e aproveite]].


If you are new to Funtoo Linux, you have probably heard about <tt>[[emerge]]</tt>, the Funtoo and Gentoo Linux command for installing packages from the Portage tree. Funtoo Linux has a git-based Portage tree, which is located at <tt>/usr/portage</tt> by default. It contains scripts called ''ebuilds'' that describe how to build and install packages from source. <tt>emerge</tt> is used to run these scripts and install packages, as follows:
=== Live CD ===


<console>
Funtoo não provê um Live CD "official" do Funtoo. Recomendamos utilizar o Gentoo-based [http://www.sysresccd.org/ System Rescue CD] já que ele contem muitas ferramentas e utilizades e tem suporte a sistemas tanto à 32-bit quando 64-bit. Baixe-o aqui:
# ##i##emerge vim
</console>
 
You can also see what packages ''would'' be installed, but not actually install them, by using the <tt>-p</tt>, or <tt>--pretend</tt> option:
 
<console>
# ##i##emerge -p vim
</console>
 
Another equally handy option is the <tt>-a</tt>, or <tt>--ask</tt> option, which will display the packages to be merged, and then ask for confirmation from you before continuing:
 
<console>
# ##i##emerge -a emacs
 
These are the packages that would be merged, in order:
 
Calculating dependencies... done!
[ebuild  N    ] app-admin/eselect-emacs-1.13
[ebuild  N    ] net-libs/liblockfile-1.09
[ebuild  N    ] app-emacs/emacs-common-gentoo-1.3-r1  USE="-X -emacs22icons"
[ebuild  N    ] app-editors/emacs-23.4-r1 USE="alsa gif gpm jpeg png tiff xpm -X -Xaw3d (-aqua) -athena -dbus -gconf -gtk -gzip-el -hesiod -kerberos -livecd -m17n-lib -motif -sound -source -svg -toolkit-scroll-bars -xft"
[ebuild  N    ] virtual/emacs-23
 
Would you like to merge these packages? [Yes/No]  ##i##y
</console>
 
In the above <tt>emerge</tt> output, you can see some text beginning with <tt>USE=</tt> on the <tt>app-editors/emacs</tt> line. This means that this package has a number of optional build-time features which can be controlled using Portage USE variables. These USE variables can be set globally by adding a line such as this to <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt>:
 
<pre>
USE="gif jpeg png tiff xpm"
</pre>
 
If you go ahead and make these changes, and then run <tt>emerge -a emacs</tt> again, you will notice that several more dependencies will be pulled into the list of packages to be merged. You can control the footprint of your Funtoo Linux system (and avoid bloat) by enabling only the USE variables you need.
 
Above, we enabled several USE variables globally in <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt>. It is also possible to enable USE variables on a per-package basis, and often times this is the best approach. If you wanted to enable <tt>gtk</tt> for emacs only, you would create the <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt> directory, and create an <tt>emacs</tt> file in it that contained the following:
 
<pre>
app-editors/emacs gtk
</pre>
 
Note that <tt>package.use</tt> can also be a file if you prefer. However, using an <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt> directory is recommended as it keeps things better organized. The filenames you use inside the <tt>package.use</tt> directory do not impact Portage behavior and can be named whatever is convenient for you. You might want to put the settings above in a file called <tt>/etc/portage/package.use/editors</tt> if you have several USE settings that you use for editors.
 
See the [[emerge]] page for more information on various emerge command-line options and best practices.
 
==== Default editor ====
 
Funtoo Linux also has a special meta-command called <tt>eselect</tt>, which can be used to set many default system settings. One of the things it is used for is to set the default editor used by things like <tt>crontab -e</tt>, etc that will automatically start an editor when run. Here is how to use <tt>eselect</tt> to change the default system editor:
 
<console>
# ##i##eselect editor list
Available targets for the EDITOR variable:
  [1]  /bin/nano
  [2]  /bin/ed
  [3]  /usr/bin/ex
  [4]  /usr/bin/vi
  [ ]  (free form)
# ##i##eselect editor set 4
Setting EDITOR to /usr/bin/vi ...
Run ". /etc/profile" to update the variable in your shell.
</console>
 
After logging in again, or typing <tt>source /etc/profile</tt> in the current shell, the new system editor will be active.
 
Note that if you want to use vim instead of a vi through busybox you also need to run:
 
<console>
# ##i##eselect vi set vim
</console>
 
=== Profiles ===
 
You may have heard that Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux are metadistributions, which means that rather than being a one-size-fits-all kind of Linux, they allow you to customize your system to your liking. We have already taken a look at <tt>USE</tt> variables, and there are also various other settings that can affect the features that are installed when you emerge a package.
 
In Funtoo Linux, we have a system of ''profiles'' which can be used to enable various useful settings at once. In fact, a number of profiles are already enabled on your system. For example, on my desktop system, typing <tt>eselect profile show</tt> produces the following output:
 
<console>
# ##i##eselect profile show
 
##g##Currently set profiles:
    arch: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/arch/x86-64bit
  build: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/build/current
  flavor: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/flavor/desktop
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/gnome
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/hardened
 
 
##g##Automatically enabled profiles:
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/print
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/X
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/audio
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/dvd
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/media
mix-ins: gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/console-extras
</console>
 
In case you're curious, these various profile settings live within <tt>/usr/portage/profiles</tt> -- in the listing above, the <tt>gentoo:</tt> prefix refers to this portage profile directory. You can find the profile settings for <tt>gentoo:funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/X</tt> by looking in <tt>/usr/portage/profiles/funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/mix-ins/X</tt>, for example.
 
Under the list of <tt>Currently set profiles</tt>, you'll see that I have an <tt>x86-64bit</tt> arch profile. In Funtoo Linux, ''all'' systems have a single arch profiled defined, and this is where settings specific to your system architecture are defined. In addition, I have a build profile of ''current''. All Funtoo Linux systems have a single build profile defined, and this tells Portage what masks to apply to the Portage tree -- in other words, what selection of packages you will have available to emerge. If you are using funtoo-stable, your build profile will be ''stable'' and you will have a more limited set of packages that you can merge by default -- the stable set.
 
You will also see that I have a ''flavor'' profile. Unlike the ''arch'' and ''build'' profiles, which should not be changed, you can choose another flavor if you want. In fact, we encourage you to do so. The ''flavor'' is used to define the general type of system you are creating. You can only have one flavor profile enabled, and since this command was run on a desktop-type system, I have enabled the ''desktop'' flavor. This enables a variety of settings, primarily USE flags, suitable for desktop systems.
 
You'll also see that I have a couple of ''mix-ins'' enabled. In Funtoo Linux, you can have zero or more mix-ins enabled -- I have ''gnome'' enabled, which sets various settings that are optimal for the use of the [[GNOME First Steps|GNOME]] desktop environment, and then I am also using the ''hardened'' mix-in, since I have set up a so-called "hardened" system with various protections against malicious attacks.
 
{{Tip|1=Take advantage of Funtoo Linux's [[:News:New Media Mix-ins| enhanced Media mix-ins]] to help you easily get the level of media support you want for your system.}}
 
Then there's a list of automatically-enabled profiles. This shows you any profiles that are pulled in by the main profiles and mix-ins that are already enabled. As you can see, the ''print'', ''X'', ''audio'', ''dvd'', ''media'' and ''console-extras'' have been enabled, likely by the ''desktop'' flavor.
 
For now, it is not necessary to get too deep into profiles, but if you are creating a desktop system, I suggest you set the ''desktop'' flavor. To do this, type <tt>eselect profile list</tt> and find the number to the left of <tt>funtoo/1.0/linux-gnu/flavor/desktop</tt>. Then, type the following command as the root user:
 
<console>
# ##i##eselect profile set-flavor 99
</console>


(Replace "99" with the number from the list)
http://www.sysresccd.org/Download


You will now have the ''desktop'' flavor set for your system. Type <tt>eselect profile show</tt> to see your new settings.
{{Note|Se utilizar uma versão antiga do System Rescue CD, '''certifique-se de selecionar o kernel <code>rescue64</code> no menu de boot se estiver instalando um sistema 64-bit'''. Por padrão, o System Rescue CD costumava a bottar em em módo 32-bit, embora a ultima versão atenta para detectar automaticamente  os processadores 64-bit.}}


=== Updating your system ===
==== Acesso a Rede ====


Sometimes, you may want to update the packages on your system. Often, this is done after you run <tt>emerge --sync</tt>, which will grab Portage tree updates from the main Funtoo Linux Portage tree:
Uma vez que você tenha inicializado o System Rescue CD, veja se você possui acesso a Internet. Acesso a internet é necessário para a instalação do Funtoo Linux:


<console>
<console>
# ##i##emerge --sync
# ##i##ping www.google.com
 
PING www.google.com (216.58.217.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
>>> Starting git pull...
64 bytes from den03s10-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.217.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=30.1 ms
remote: Counting objects: 1791, done.      
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (206/206), done.      
remote: Total 980 (delta 811), reused 931 (delta 764)       
Receiving objects: 100% (980/980), 185.04 KiB, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (811/811), completed with 754 local objects.
From git://github.com/funtoo/experimental-mini-2011
  7a17140..b836bc8  funtoo.org -> origin/funtoo.org
Updating 7a17140..b836bc8
Fast-forward
>>> Git pull in /usr/portage successful
 
* IMPORTANT: 1 news items need reading for repository 'gentoo'.
* Use eselect news to read news items.
 
#
</console>
</console>


You may also want to update your system after you have changed USE flag settings. To take advantage of the USE flags you have just enabled, it's necessary to recompile everything that includes them.  
Se o ping obtiver sucesso  (Você visualiza as mensagens <code>64 bytes</code> como acima,) então sua rede está ativa. Pressione Control-C para parar o ping.  


Below, you'll find a recommended <tt>emerge</tt> command for updating your entire system. The <tt>-a</tt> option will cause <tt>emerge</tt> to prompt you for confirmation before starting the merge:
Sei você precisar configurar uma conexão  WiFi para acesso a Internet, então essa precisa ser feita utilizando o ambiente gráfico do System Rescue CD. Execute <code>startx</code> para inicializar a seção gráfica:


<console>
<console>
# ##i##emerge -auDN world
# ##i##startx
</console>
</console>


<tt>-u</tt> tells <tt>emerge</tt> to update any already-installed but out-of-date packages that we specify on the command-line. The <tt>-D</tt> option tells <tt>emerge</tt> to perform a ''deep'' dependency tree graph, so it will include sub-dependencies of packages that we have specified on the command line as well. This allows <tt>emerge</tt> to perform as thorough an update of your system as possible.
Depois, utilize o NetworkManager applet (ícone no canto inferior direito) para conectar a uma rede WiFi de sua escolha. Depois, um terminal terminal dentro de seu ambiente gráfico, e você deve ser capaz de utilizar o terminal para completar o resto dos passos.
 
The <tt>-N</tt> (<tt>--newuse</tt>) option tells Portage to check for any new USE flags that have been enabled or disabled, and rebuild packages so that all USE flags are set as currently defined in <tt>/etc/make.conf</tt> and <tt>/etc/portage/package.use</tt>.
 
<tt>world</tt> is a "meta-package" or "package set" which includes every package that you have manually installed plus all packages in the system set. It's important to note that whenever you ask <tt>emerge</tt> to install anything, such as <tt>metalog</tt> or <tt>vim</tt>, those packages will be automatically added to the world package set. In this way, <tt>emerge</tt> learns what packages you care about and want to keep updated. If you want to see what's in your world package set, take a look at <tt>/var/lib/portage/world</tt>:
 
<console>
# ##i##cat /var/lib/portage/world
app-editors/vim
app-portage/eix
app-portage/gentoolkit
dev-vcs/git
net-misc/bridge-utils
net-misc/dhcpcd
net-misc/keychain
sys-apps/gptfdisk
sys-apps/pciutils
sys-devel/bc
sys-fs/reiserfsprogs
sys-kernel/vanilla-sources
</console>


Also note that some packages may have been added to the world set by Metro when your stage3 tarball was built.
==== Instalação Remota ====


==== Updating a few packages ====
Alternativamente, você pode logar no System Rescue CD pela rede via SSH para realizar a instalação a partir de outro computador, e isso pode ser mais o jeito conveniente para instalar o Funtoo Linux.


If we simply wanted to rebuild a few packages to reflect updated USE flag settings, we could specify it instead of <tt>world</tt>. Be sure to include the <tt>-N</tt> option:
Se você gostaria de completar a instalação remotamente, aqui está como fazer isso. Primeiro, você precisará se assegurar de que o System Rescue CD tem uma conexão de rede funcional. Depois, você precisara definir uma senha de root para o System Rescue CD:


<console>
<console>
# ##i##emerge -auDN vim emacs
# ##i##passwd
New password: ##i##********
Retype new password: ##i##********
passwd: password updated successfully
#
</console>
</console>


== Useful applications for daily usage ==
Uma vez que você tenha digitado uma senha, você precisará agora determinar o endereço IP do System Rescue CD, e então você pode utilizar <code>ssh</code> para conectar-se à rede. Para determinar o endereço IP atualmente sendo utilizado pelo System Rescue CD, digite <code>ifconfig</code>:
 
Here are some other packages you may want to consider installing via <tt>emerge</tt>:
 
;<tt>app-misc/screen</tt>: Allows you to have persistent login sessions.
;<tt>app-misc/tmux</tt>: Similar to <tt>screen</tt> -- some people prefer it.
;<tt>app-admin/sudo</tt>: Grant root privileges to selected users and command combinations.
;<tt>sys-process/htop</tt>: Colorful and informative text-based process list.
;<tt>sys-process/glances</tt>: Similar to htop, includes disc I/O and network I/O in display.
;<tt>app-portage/eix</tt>: Quick portage package search
;<tt>app-portage/gentoolkit</tt>: Portage utils
;<tt>app-misc/mc</tt>: GNU Midnight Commander is a text based file manager --- some will recall <tt>MS-DOS XtreeGold</tt>
;<tt>app-text/wgetpaste</tt>: Command-line interface to various pastebins; very useful in providing info along with bugs reports
;<tt>net-irc/irssi</tt>: A modular textUI IRC client with IPv6 support; a powerful tool to get help from Funtoo Community on IRC channel. Nice companion to <tt>app-text/wgetpaste</tt>


<console>
<console>
# ##i##emerge --jobs app-misc/screen sudo htop eix gentoolkit app-misc/mc wgetpaste net-irc/irssi
# ##i##ifconfig
</console>
</console>


=== Creating a user account ===
Uma das interfaces deve ter um endereço IP (listado como <code>inet addr:</code>) a partir de sua LAN. Você pode então conectar remotamente, a partir de outro sistema na sua LAN, ao System Rescue CD, e realizar os passos a partir do conforto de um OS existente. No seu sistema remoto, digite o seguinte, substituindo <code>1.2.3.4</code> pelo endereço IP do System Rescue CD. Conectando a partir de um sistema Linux ou MacOS existente pareceria como isso:
 
It's a good idea to create a normal user account that you can use for general Linux tasks. Before rebooting, create a user account for everyday use. Adjust the groups in the example below to match your needs. Some of them may not exist yet on your system. Replace "<tt><user_name></tt>" with the name you're going to use for your everyday user. The "<tt>-m</tt>" option instructs <tt>useradd</tt> to create a home directory for your user. See <tt>man useradd</tt> for more info.


<console>
<console>
# ##i##useradd -m -g users -G audio,video,cdrom,wheel <user_name>
(remote system) $ ##i##ssh root@1.2.3.4
</console>
Password: ##i##**********
Don't forget to set a password for your new user:
<console>
# ##i##passwd <user_name>
</console>
</console>


== Installing a graphical environment ==
{{Note|Se você quiser de conectar remotamente a partir um sistema Microsoft Windows existente, você precisará baixar um cliente SSH para Windows, tal qual [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY].}}
 
If you intend on using your Funtoo Linux installation for more than system administration, chances are you're going to want to have a GUI (graphical user interface). In the past, setting one up involved wading through text files and man pages. Thanks to modern tools like udev this is no longer the case.
 
Unlike most operating systems, Funtoo does not ship with a GUI pre-installed. If you've used Windows or Mac OS, you'd also know that their interfaces cannot be replaced easily. With Linux, the opposite is true -- you are free to choose from a huge selection of GUIs. From window managers such as Blackbox, IceWM, and xmonad, to fully-featured desktop environments like GNOME and KDE, the possibilities are vast in number.
 
The first step in setting up a graphical environment is to set up the [[X Window System]]. Then, you will be able to install the graphical environment of your choice. [[GNOME First Steps|GNOME]] is a popular option for new users.


[[Category:HOWTO]]
Depois que você tiver logado via SSH, você está agora conectado remotamente ao System Rescue CD e pode realizar os passos da instalação.
[[Category:Install]]
[[Category:Featured]]

Revision as of 14:03, January 20, 2015


   Note

This is a template that is used as part of the Installation instructions which covers: uma visão geral inicial do processo de instalação, tão em quanto instruções de download do LiveCD e de boot. Templates are being used to allow multiple variant install guides that use most of the same re-usable parts.


Visão geral da instalação

Essa é uma básica visão geral do processo de instalação do Funtoo:

  1. Baixe e boot o live CD da sua escolha.
  2. Prepare seu disco.
  3. Crie e monte os filesystems.
  4. Instale o tarball stage doFuntoo da sua escolha.
  5. Use o Chroot no seu novo sistema.
  6. Baixe o Portage tree.
  7. Configure seu sistema e sua rede.
  8. Instale um kernel.
  9. Instale um bootloader.
  10. Complete os passos finais.
  11. Reboot e aproveite.

Live CD

Funtoo não provê um Live CD "official" do Funtoo. Recomendamos utilizar o Gentoo-based System Rescue CD já que ele contem muitas ferramentas e utilizades e tem suporte a sistemas tanto à 32-bit quando 64-bit. Baixe-o aqui:

http://www.sysresccd.org/Download

   Note

Se utilizar uma versão antiga do System Rescue CD, certifique-se de selecionar o kernel rescue64 no menu de boot se estiver instalando um sistema 64-bit. Por padrão, o System Rescue CD costumava a bottar em em módo 32-bit, embora a ultima versão atenta para detectar automaticamente os processadores 64-bit.

Acesso a Rede

Uma vez que você tenha inicializado o System Rescue CD, veja se você possui acesso a Internet. Acesso a internet é necessário para a instalação do Funtoo Linux:

root # ping www.google.com
PING www.google.com (216.58.217.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from den03s10-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.217.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=30.1 ms

Se o ping obtiver sucesso (Você visualiza as mensagens 64 bytes como acima,) então sua rede está ativa. Pressione Control-C para parar o ping.

Sei você precisar configurar uma conexão WiFi para acesso a Internet, então essa precisa ser feita utilizando o ambiente gráfico do System Rescue CD. Execute startx para inicializar a seção gráfica:

root # startx

Depois, utilize o NetworkManager applet (ícone no canto inferior direito) para conectar a uma rede WiFi de sua escolha. Depois, um terminal terminal dentro de seu ambiente gráfico, e você deve ser capaz de utilizar o terminal para completar o resto dos passos.

Instalação Remota

Alternativamente, você pode logar no System Rescue CD pela rede via SSH para realizar a instalação a partir de outro computador, e isso pode ser mais o jeito conveniente para instalar o Funtoo Linux.

Se você gostaria de completar a instalação remotamente, aqui está como fazer isso. Primeiro, você precisará se assegurar de que o System Rescue CD tem uma conexão de rede funcional. Depois, você precisara definir uma senha de root para o System Rescue CD:

root # passwd
New password: ********
Retype new password: ********
passwd: password updated successfully
root #

Uma vez que você tenha digitado uma senha, você precisará agora determinar o endereço IP do System Rescue CD, e então você pode utilizar ssh para conectar-se à rede. Para determinar o endereço IP atualmente sendo utilizado pelo System Rescue CD, digite ifconfig:

root # ifconfig

Uma das interfaces deve ter um endereço IP (listado como inet addr:) a partir de sua LAN. Você pode então conectar remotamente, a partir de outro sistema na sua LAN, ao System Rescue CD, e realizar os passos a partir do conforto de um OS existente. No seu sistema remoto, digite o seguinte, substituindo 1.2.3.4 pelo endereço IP do System Rescue CD. Conectando a partir de um sistema Linux ou MacOS existente pareceria como isso:

(remote system) $ ssh root@1.2.3.4
Password: **********
   Note

Se você quiser de conectar remotamente a partir um sistema Microsoft Windows existente, você precisará baixar um cliente SSH para Windows, tal qual PuTTY.

Depois que você tiver logado via SSH, você está agora conectado remotamente ao System Rescue CD e pode realizar os passos da instalação.