Difference between pages "Boot image" and "User:Apple/projects/Transplant"

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(I annotated some more of what is going on.)
 
(Created page with "''a.k.a. I like my Linux how I like my women... <s>easy to set up</s>flexible.'' This is a script to backup and/or transfer a working Funtoo installation onto a fresh install (o...")
 
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[[Grub]] starts execution with the boot image. The boot image is 512 bytes and can be found in file form at <code>/boot/grub/boot.img</code>. The boot image is 512 bytes because that is how big the [[wikipedia:master boot record|master boot record]] is. On a BIOS-based computer, a disk is booted by reading the first 512 bytes of a disk into memory address 0x7c00 and jumping to that location to begin execution. On an [[wikipedia:x86|x86]] or [[wikipedia:x86-64|x86-64]] system, the source code for that boot image can be found in the grub source code in assembly as <code>grub-core/boot/i386/pc/boot.S</code>. The bootloader is written in 16-bit assembly so it may help to be familiar with the 16-bit instruction set as well as the register set used. It's also useful to know how interrupts work since they get enabled and disabled at various times. Intel makes their manuals specifying these details available at http://www.intel.com/products/processor/manuals.
''a.k.a. I like my Linux how I like my women... <s>easy to set up</s>flexible.''
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
/* -*-Asm-*- */
</syntaxhighlight>
This is just a magic comment that tells certain text editors to treat this as assembly and edit in an appropriate mode.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
/*
*  GRUB  --  GRand Unified Bootloader
*  Copyright (C) 1999,2000,2001,2002,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
*  GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
*  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
*  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
*  (at your option) any later version.
*
*  GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
*  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
*  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
*  GNU General Public License for more details.
*
*  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
*  along with GRUB.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
</syntaxhighlight>
This is just the license for the code.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">


#include <grub/symbol.h>
This is a script to backup and/or transfer a working Funtoo installation onto a fresh install (on the same or a different host).
#include <grub/boot.h>
#include <grub/machine/boot.h>
</syntaxhighlight>
These includes include information about offsets and other symbols used in the assembly.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">


/*
It won't speed up an install and it doesn't make it easier, but with it you can do a single reboot
*  defines for the code go here
and have a complete working system without tedious config file editing.
*/


/* Print message string */
==The Script==
#define MSG(x) movw $x, %si; call LOCAL(message)
#define ERR(x) movw $x, %si; jmp LOCAL(error_message)
</syntaxhighlight>
These are just some definitions for how to print messages.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
.file "boot.S"
</syntaxhighlight>
This tells the assembler that we are starting the <code>boot.S</code> logical file.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
.text
</syntaxhighlight>
This tells the assembler that the text portion of the executable format starts here.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
/* Tell GAS to generate 16-bit instructions so that this code works
  in real mode. */
.code16
</syntaxhighlight>
This tells the assembler to output 16-bit instructions. This seems to only apply to ARM though according to the documentation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">


.globl _start, start;
{| width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 style="margin: .5em 0; background-color: #f2fff2; border: solid 1px #bfffbf;"
_start:
| style="background-color: #c1ffc1; border: solid 1px #a0ffa0; border-bottom: 1px solid #888; font-size: 0.9em" | '''Code:''' /usr/local/bin/transplant
start:
|-
/*
| style="padding: 0 0.5em; font-family=monospace, fixed; white-space: pre;"|
* _start is loaded at 0x7c00 and is jumped to with CS:IP 0:0x7c00
<tt><nowiki>
*/
#!/bin/bash
# I use heavy amounts of bashisms
# ...see if you can find them all!


/*
# Copyright 2010 Daniel Cordero
* Beginning of the sector is compatible with the FAT/HPFS BIOS
# Licensed under the GPLv2
* parameter block.
*/


jmp LOCAL(after_BPB)
test "$PWD" = "$HOME" && cd /tmp # I don't clean up after myself
nop /* do I care about this ??? */
</syntaxhighlight>
This jumps past the [[wikipedia:BIOS Parameter Block|BIOS Parameter Block]] that takes up the first portion of the sector.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">


/*
# When I say "list", I mean space-separated (ahem... $IFS) list.
* This space is for the BIOS parameter block!!!!  Don't change
NETIF_LIST="" # List of interface initscripts
* the first jump, nor start the code anywhere but right after
SERVICES="" # List of services to be placed into default runlevel
* this area.
HOST_FILES="" # List of host-specific /etc files
*/
ETC_FILES="" # List of generic/shared /etc files
HOME_FILES="" # List of files in $HOME
HOME_FOLDERS="" # List of folders in $HOME


. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BPB_START
mkdir -p etc/{portage/{package.use,savedconfig,profile},runlevels/default}
. = _start + 4
mkdir -p etc/init.d
mkdir -p home/$USER
mkdir -p usr/lib/X11/xdm
mkdir -p var/lib/portage
mkdir -p host


/* scratch space */
rsync -ar --exclude .keep {/usr/,}local/
mode:
rsync -r /etc/portage/{package.use,savedconfig,profile} etc/portage
.byte 0
disk_address_packet:
sectors:
.long 0
heads:
.long 0
cylinders:
.word 0
sector_start:
.byte 0
head_start:
.byte 0
cylinder_start:
.word 0
/* more space... */


. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BPB_END
for service in $SERVICES; do
ln -sf /etc/init.d/$service etc/runlevels/default/$service
done


/*
for netif in $NETIF_LIST; do
* End of BIOS parameter block.
ln -sf /etc/init.d/netif.tmpl etc/init.d/netif.$netif
*/
done
</syntaxhighlight>
This reserves space for the BIOS parameter block. The BIOS parameter block is not necessary in the MBR, but Grub uses the same image for a volume boot records as well. A volume boot record may have a BIOS parameter block, so space is made for it.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">


kernel_address:
for home_folder in $HOME_FOLDERS; do
.word GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_KERNEL_ADDR
rsync -ra $HOME/$home_folder/ home/$USER/$home_folder
done


. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_KERNEL_SECTOR
for home_file in $HOME_FILES; do
kernel_sector:
cp -a $HOME/$home_file home/$USER/$home_file
.long 1, 0
test x"$home_file" = "x.xinitrc" && ln -sf .xinitrc home/$USER/.xsession
done


. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BOOT_DRIVE
boot_drive:
.byte 0xff /* the disk to load kernel from */
/* 0xff means use the boot drive */
</syntaxhighlight>
Some other magic values are set up.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
LOCAL(after_BPB):


/* general setup */
for etc_file in $ETC_FILES; do
cli /* we're not safe here! */
(test "x$(dirname $etc_file)" != "x." && \
</syntaxhighlight>
test ! -d "$(dirname $etc_file)") && \
This is the first instruction after the jump. The <code>cli</code> instruction clears the interrupts flag so that the processor does not respond to external maskable interrupts.
mkdir -p etc/$(dirname $etc_file)
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
cp -a /etc/$etc_file etc/$(dirname $etc_file)/$(basename $etc_file)
        /*
done
        * This is a workaround for buggy BIOSes which don't pass boot
        * drive correctly. If GRUB is installed into a HDD, check if
        * DL is masked correctly. If not, assume that the BIOS passed
        * a bogus value and set DL to 0x80, since this is the only
        * possible boot drive. If GRUB is installed into a floppy,
        * this does nothing (only jump).
        */
. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_DRIVE_CHECK
boot_drive_check:
        jmp    3f /* grub-setup may overwrite this jump */
        testb  $0x80, %dl
        jz      2f
3:
/* Ignore %dl different from 0-0x0f and 0x80-0x8f.  */
testb  $0x70, %dl
jz      1f
2:
        movb    $0x80, %dl
1:
/*
* ljmp to the next instruction because some bogus BIOSes
* jump to 07C0:0000 instead of 0000:7C00.
*/
ljmp $0, $real_start
</syntaxhighlight>
Part of the BIOS interface is indicating which disk is being booted from. Some BIOSes get this wrong so this uses some heuristics to make a fallback guess if the BIOS did something dumb. The other thing done here is to deal with BIOSes that jump to 07C0:0000 instead of 0000:7C00. This is actually the same physical address, but 0000 is a different segment than 07C0. This can be problematic, so a long jump is made to allow execution to continue with a known segment.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
real_start:


/* set up %ds and %ss as offset from 0 */
for host_file in ${HOST_FILES}; do
xorw %ax, %ax
(test "x$(dirname $host_file)" != "x." && \
movw %ax, %ds
test ! -d "$(dirname $host_file)") && \
movw %ax, %ss
mkdir -p host/$(dirname $host_file)
cp -a /etc/$host_file host/$(dirname $host_file)/$(basename $host_file)
done


/* set up the REAL stack */
cp -a {/,}usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_STACK_SEG, %sp
cp -a {/,}var/lib/portage/world


sti /* we're safe again */
tar cf $(hostname)-overlay.tar host/
</syntaxhighlight>
tar cf usrlocal-overlay.tar local/
The data segment and stack segment registers are zeroed out, and the stack pointer is set up. At this point, interrupts can be re-enabled.
tar cf home-overlay.tar home/
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
tar cf funtoo-overlay.tar etc/ usr/ var/ \
home-overlay.tar usrlocal-overlay.tar $(hostname)-overlay.tar
# DESTRUCTIVE
xz funtoo-overlay.tar # non-destructive
</nowiki>
</tt>
|}


/*
==Usage==
*  Check if we have a forced disk reference here
*/
movb  boot_drive, %al
cmpb $0xff, %al
je 1f
movb %al, %dl
1:
/* save drive reference first thing! */
pushw %dx


/* print a notification message on the screen */
Fill in the 6 variables at the top of the script. You'll constantly be adding more files as the original system gets more customised.
MSG(notification_string)


/* set %si to the disk address packet */
When you're ready (or as a cron job), run the script and save the resulting tarball somewhere.
movw $disk_address_packet, %si


/* check if LBA is supported */
Boot your install environment. Partition, format and unpack (or work up to) a stage3. Grab a portage tree.
movb $0x41, %ah
movw $0x55aa, %bx
int $0x13


/*
Unpack the main tarball (you probably don't want to unpack the other tarballs yet):
*  %dl may have been clobbered by INT 13, AH=41H.
*  This happens, for example, with AST BIOS 1.04.
*/
popw %dx
pushw %dx


/* use CHS if fails */
{{Root|<nowiki># tar xvJf --exclude "*.tar" funtoo-overlay.tar.xz -C /mnt/gentoo
jc LOCAL(chs_mode)
</nowiki>}}
cmpw $0xaa55, %bx
jne LOCAL(chs_mode)


andw $1, %cx
Take a peek at the list of files in $HOST_FILES and edit them to the host's specification.
jz LOCAL(chs_mode)
</syntaxhighlight>
Grub tries to use LBA geometry, but if the BIOS does not support LBA, it falls back to using CHS geometry.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
lba_mode:
xorw %ax, %ax
movw %ax, 4(%si)


incw %ax
{{Info|You cannot expect every host to have the exact geometry or architecture as the original host. If, by some miracle, the two are exactly alike, go ahead and unpack the host tarball (probably into <tt>/tmp</tt>).}}
/* set the mode to non-zero */
movb %al, -1(%si)


/* the blocks */
{{Info|The host tarball uses the prefix <tt>host/</tt> instead of the regular <tt>etc/</tt>. This is for your protection (and a limitation of the script... but mostly protection).}}
movw %ax, 2(%si)


/* the size and the reserved byte */
Chroot in and run (I suggest in a screen, nohup or another VT):
movw $0x0010, (%si)
{{Root|<nowiki># env-update; source /etc/profile
# emerge -uDN world</nowiki>}}


/* the absolute address */
Wait (or finish configuration). Remember to make a kernel and <tt># boot-update</tt> (and installing the bootloader to MBR if necessary).
movl kernel_sector, %ebx
movl %ebx, 8(%si)
movl kernel_sector + 4, %ebx
movl %ebx, 12(%si)


/* the segment of buffer address */
Add an identical user (it's not in the script, but you might want to save the output of <tt>$ groups</tt>) and unpack <tt>home-overlay.tar</tt>. If you have anything in <tt>usrlocal-overlay.tar</tt> you can unpack that too.
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BUFFER_SEG, 6(%si)


/*
{{Info|If you're installing on a different architecture, the contents of <tt>/usr/local</tt> may be useless for your CPU.
* BIOS call "INT 0x13 Function 0x42" to read sectors from disk into memory
If you're lucky, it may be all architecture-independent/interpreted scripts, or nothing at all.}}
* Call with %ah = 0x42
* %dl = drive number
* %ds:%si = segment:offset of disk address packet
* Return:
* %al = 0x0 on success; err code on failure
*/


movb $0x42, %ah
If all goes well, reboot (and remove the install environment)!
int $0x13
 
/* LBA read is not supported, so fallback to CHS.  */
jc LOCAL(chs_mode)
 
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BUFFER_SEG, %bx
jmp LOCAL(copy_buffer)
 
LOCAL(chs_mode):
/*
*  Determine the hard disk geometry from the BIOS!
*  We do this first, so that LS-120 IDE floppies work correctly.
*/
movb $8, %ah
int $0x13
jnc LOCAL(final_init)
 
/*
*  The call failed, so maybe use the floppy probe instead.
*/
testb $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BIOS_HD_FLAG, %dl
jz LOCAL(floppy_probe)
 
/* Nope, we definitely have a hard disk, and we're screwed. */
ERR(hd_probe_error_string)
 
LOCAL(final_init):
/* set the mode to zero */
movzbl %dh, %eax
movb %ah, -1(%si)
 
/* save number of heads */
incw %ax
movl %eax, 4(%si)
 
movzbw %cl, %dx
shlw $2, %dx
movb %ch, %al
movb %dh, %ah
 
/* save number of cylinders */
incw %ax
movw %ax, 8(%si)
 
movzbw %dl, %ax
shrb $2, %al
 
/* save number of sectors */
movl %eax, (%si)
 
setup_sectors:
/* load logical sector start (top half) */
movl kernel_sector + 4, %eax
 
orl %eax, %eax
jnz LOCAL(geometry_error)
 
/* load logical sector start (bottom half) */
movl kernel_sector, %eax
 
/* zero %edx */
xorl %edx, %edx
 
/* divide by number of sectors */
divl (%si)
 
/* save sector start */
movb %dl, %cl
 
xorw %dx, %dx /* zero %edx */
divl 4(%si) /* divide by number of heads */
 
/* do we need too many cylinders? */
cmpw 8(%si), %ax
jge LOCAL(geometry_error)
 
/* normalize sector start (1-based) */
incb %cl
 
/* low bits of cylinder start */
movb %al, %ch
 
/* high bits of cylinder start */
xorb %al, %al
shrw $2, %ax
orb %al, %cl
 
/* save head start */
movb %dl, %al
 
/* restore %dl */
popw %dx
 
/* head start */
movb %al, %dh
 
/*
* BIOS call "INT 0x13 Function 0x2" to read sectors from disk into memory
* Call with %ah = 0x2
* %al = number of sectors
* %ch = cylinder
* %cl = sector (bits 6-7 are high bits of "cylinder")
* %dh = head
* %dl = drive (0x80 for hard disk, 0x0 for floppy disk)
* %es:%bx = segment:offset of buffer
* Return:
* %al = 0x0 on success; err code on failure
*/
 
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BUFFER_SEG, %bx
movw %bx, %es /* load %es segment with disk buffer */
 
xorw %bx, %bx /* %bx = 0, put it at 0 in the segment */
movw $0x0201, %ax /* function 2 */
int $0x13
 
jc LOCAL(read_error)
 
movw %es, %bx
 
LOCAL(copy_buffer):
/*
* We need to save %cx and %si because the startup code in
* kernel uses them without initializing them.
*/
pusha
pushw %ds
 
movw $0x100, %cx
movw %bx, %ds
xorw %si, %si
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_KERNEL_ADDR, %di
movw %si, %es
 
cld
 
rep
movsw
 
popw %ds
popa
 
/* boot kernel */
jmp *(kernel_address)
 
/* END OF MAIN LOOP */
 
</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
/*
* BIOS Geometry translation error (past the end of the disk geometry!).
*/
LOCAL(geometry_error):
ERR(geometry_error_string)
</syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
This is where Grub prints the error message when there is an issue with the disk geometry.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
 
/*
* Read error on the disk.
*/
LOCAL(read_error):
movw $read_error_string, %si
LOCAL(error_message):
call LOCAL(message)
LOCAL(general_error):
MSG(general_error_string)
 
/* go here when you need to stop the machine hard after an error condition */
        /* tell the BIOS a boot failure, which may result in no effect */
        int $0x18
LOCAL(stop):
jmp LOCAL(stop)
 
</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
notification_string: .asciz "GRUB "
geometry_error_string: .asciz "Geom"
hd_probe_error_string: .asciz "Hard Disk"
read_error_string: .asciz "Read"
general_error_string: .asciz " Error\r\n"
</syntaxhighlight>
Several null-terminated ASCII strings are set up.
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
 
/*
* message: write the string pointed to by %si
*
*  WARNING: trashes %si, %ax, and %bx
*/
 
/*
* Use BIOS "int 10H Function 0Eh" to write character in teletype mode
* %ah = 0xe %al = character
* %bh = page %bl = foreground color (graphics modes)
*/
1:
movw $0x0001, %bx
movb $0xe, %ah
int $0x10 /* display a byte */
LOCAL(message):
lodsb
cmpb $0, %al
jne 1b /* if not end of string, jmp to display */
ret
 
/*
*  Windows NT breaks compatibility by embedding a magic
*  number here.
*/
 
. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_WINDOWS_NT_MAGIC
nt_magic:
.long 0
.word 0
 
/*
*  This is where an MBR would go if on a hard disk.  The code
*  here isn't even referenced unless we're on a floppy.  Kinda
*  sneaky, huh?
*/
 
. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_PART_START
part_start:
 
probe_values:
.byte 36, 18, 15, 9, 0
 
LOCAL(floppy_probe):
/*
*  Perform floppy probe.
*/
 
movw $probe_values - 1, %si
 
LOCAL(probe_loop):
/* reset floppy controller INT 13h AH=0 */
xorw %ax, %ax
int $0x13
 
incw %si
movb (%si), %cl
 
/* if number of sectors is 0, display error and die */
cmpb $0, %cl
jne 1f
 
/*
* Floppy disk probe failure.
*/
MSG(fd_probe_error_string)
jmp LOCAL(general_error)
 
/* "Floppy" */
fd_probe_error_string: .asciz "Floppy"
 
1:
/* perform read */
movw $GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_BUFFER_SEG, %bx
movw $0x201, %ax
movb $0, %ch
movb $0, %dh
int $0x13
 
/* if error, jump to "LOCAL(probe_loop)" */
jc LOCAL(probe_loop)
 
/* %cl is already the correct value! */
movb $1, %dh
movb $79, %ch
 
jmp LOCAL(final_init)
 
. = _start + GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_PART_END
 
</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="asm">
/* the last 2 bytes in the sector 0 contain the signature */
.word GRUB_BOOT_MACHINE_SIGNATURE
</syntaxhighlight>
The MBR has some magic bytes that let the BIOS recognize it instead of being random data.
[[Category:Grub]]

Latest revision as of 14:19, November 17, 2010

a.k.a. I like my Linux how I like my women... easy to set upflexible.

This is a script to backup and/or transfer a working Funtoo installation onto a fresh install (on the same or a different host).

It won't speed up an install and it doesn't make it easier, but with it you can do a single reboot and have a complete working system without tedious config file editing.

The Script

Code: /usr/local/bin/transplant

#!/bin/bash # I use heavy amounts of bashisms # ...see if you can find them all! # Copyright 2010 Daniel Cordero # Licensed under the GPLv2 test "$PWD" = "$HOME" && cd /tmp # I don't clean up after myself # When I say "list", I mean space-separated (ahem... $IFS) list. NETIF_LIST="" # List of interface initscripts SERVICES="" # List of services to be placed into default runlevel HOST_FILES="" # List of host-specific /etc files ETC_FILES="" # List of generic/shared /etc files HOME_FILES="" # List of files in $HOME HOME_FOLDERS="" # List of folders in $HOME mkdir -p etc/{portage/{package.use,savedconfig,profile},runlevels/default} mkdir -p etc/init.d mkdir -p home/$USER mkdir -p usr/lib/X11/xdm mkdir -p var/lib/portage mkdir -p host rsync -ar --exclude .keep {/usr/,}local/ rsync -r /etc/portage/{package.use,savedconfig,profile} etc/portage for service in $SERVICES; do ln -sf /etc/init.d/$service etc/runlevels/default/$service done for netif in $NETIF_LIST; do ln -sf /etc/init.d/netif.tmpl etc/init.d/netif.$netif done for home_folder in $HOME_FOLDERS; do rsync -ra $HOME/$home_folder/ home/$USER/$home_folder done for home_file in $HOME_FILES; do cp -a $HOME/$home_file home/$USER/$home_file test x"$home_file" = "x.xinitrc" && ln -sf .xinitrc home/$USER/.xsession done for etc_file in $ETC_FILES; do (test "x$(dirname $etc_file)" != "x." && \ test ! -d "$(dirname $etc_file)") && \ mkdir -p etc/$(dirname $etc_file) cp -a /etc/$etc_file etc/$(dirname $etc_file)/$(basename $etc_file) done for host_file in ${HOST_FILES}; do (test "x$(dirname $host_file)" != "x." && \ test ! -d "$(dirname $host_file)") && \ mkdir -p host/$(dirname $host_file) cp -a /etc/$host_file host/$(dirname $host_file)/$(basename $host_file) done cp -a {/,}usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0 cp -a {/,}var/lib/portage/world tar cf $(hostname)-overlay.tar host/ tar cf usrlocal-overlay.tar local/ tar cf home-overlay.tar home/ tar cf funtoo-overlay.tar etc/ usr/ var/ \ home-overlay.tar usrlocal-overlay.tar $(hostname)-overlay.tar # DESTRUCTIVE xz funtoo-overlay.tar # non-destructive

Usage

Fill in the 6 variables at the top of the script. You'll constantly be adding more files as the original system gets more customised.

When you're ready (or as a cron job), run the script and save the resulting tarball somewhere.

Boot your install environment. Partition, format and unpack (or work up to) a stage3. Grab a portage tree.

Unpack the main tarball (you probably don't want to unpack the other tarballs yet):

Template:Root

Take a peek at the list of files in $HOST_FILES and edit them to the host's specification.

Template:Info

Template:Info

Chroot in and run (I suggest in a screen, nohup or another VT): Template:Root

Wait (or finish configuration). Remember to make a kernel and # boot-update (and installing the bootloader to MBR if necessary).

Add an identical user (it's not in the script, but you might want to save the output of $ groups) and unpack home-overlay.tar. If you have anything in usrlocal-overlay.tar you can unpack that too.

Template:Info

If all goes well, reboot (and remove the install environment)!