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| === Configurando e instalando o kernel Linux === | | == Overview of Kernels == |
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| Agora é hora de construir e instalar um kernel Linux, o qual é o coração de qualquer sistema Funtoo Linux. O kernel é carregado pelo boot loader, e interfaces diretamente com o hardware do seu sistema, e permite programas regulares (userspace) serem executador.
| | === {{Package|sys-kernel/vanilla-sources}} === |
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| Um kernel deve ser configurado propriamente para o hardware do seu sistema, desse modo ele suporta seus hard drives, file systems, placas de rede, e assim por diante. Usuários de Linux mais experientes pode escolher instalar o kernel sources e configurar e instalar seu próprio kernel. Se você não sabe como fazer isso, nós fornecemos ebuilds que construirão automaticamente um kernel "universal", módulos e initramfs para a inicialização do seu sistema que suporte todo o hardware. Esse é um jeito extremamente simples de construção de um kernel que colocará seu sistema para inicializar.
| | This will install the "vanilla" (unmodified) Linux kernel sources. Current recommended version is 3.x. Funtoo Linux fully supports Linux 3.x. The advantages of this kernel include recent improvements to [[Linux Containers]], a very modern networking stack with lots of bug fixes, and high reliability for desktops and servers. The downside is that this kernel must be manually configured by the user and does not have built-in ''<code>genkernel</code>'' support via the ''<code>binary</code>'' USE flag at this time. |
| | == Binary USE == |
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| Qual é o nosso objetivo? Para construir um kernel que reconhecerá todo o hardware em seu sistema necessário para inicialização, você será cumprimentado por um prompt de login amigável depois que a instalação estiver completa. Esses instruções lhe guiarão através do processo de instalação de um kernel no modo "fácil" -- sem exigir configuração do usuário, ao utilizar um kernel "universal".
| | Many of the kernel ebuilds in Funtoo Linux support the very useful <code>binary</code> USE flag. By enabling this USE flag and emerging the kernel, the ebuild will automatically build a binary kernel image, initramfs and kernel modules and install them to <code>/boot</code>. The binary kernel image and initramfs can be used to boot your Funtoo Linux system without requiring any additional configuration. This is a great way to get a Funtoo Linux system up and running quickly. Here's how to do it: |
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| ==== Package Sets ====
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| Antes que estalemos um kernel, vamos cobrir um recurso do Portage chamado package sets. Portage, o sistema gerenciador/ports de pacotes para o Funtoo Linux, manterá rastro de pacotes do sistema assim como pacotes que você tem instalado ao invocar <code>emerge</code> diretamente. Esses pacotes que são parte do sistema base são considerados parte do conjunto de pacote do "sistema", enquanto pacotes que você tem instalado ao digitá-los na linha de comando (tal qual "gnome" em <code>emerge gnome</code>) serão adicionados ao conjunto de pacote "world". Isso proporciona um jeito fácil de atualizar o sistema inteiro.
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| No entanto, as vezes é bom ser capaz de atualizar o kernel todo por sim só, ou deixar uma atualização do kernel fora da sua regular atualização completa do sistema. Para fazer isso, criaremo uma nova configuração de pacote chamada "kernel".
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| ==== Configuração de Pacote do Kernel ====
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| Para criar a configuração de pacote do kernel, realize os seguintes passos:
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| <console>
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| (chroot) # ##i##mkdir /etc/portage/sets
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| (chroot) # ##i##echo sys-kernel/debian-sources > /etc/portage/sets/kernel
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| </console>
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| Agora, vamos querer definir uma variável USE para dizer ao <code>debian-sources</code> que construa um kernel "universal" e o initramfs para nós, para levar Funtoo Linux a funcionamento na inicialização. Para fazer isso, vamos configurar a variável <code>binary</code> USE para <code>debian-sources</code>, como a seguir:
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| <console> | | <console> |
| (chroot) # ##i##echo "sys-kernel/debian-sources binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use
| | ###i## echo "sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use |
| | ###i## emerge openvz-rhel6-stable |
| | ###i## nano -w /etc/boot.conf |
| | ###i## boot-update |
| </console> | | </console> |
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| Se as varáveis USE forem novas para você, você estará se familiarizando com elas um pouco mais enquanto utiliza o Funtoo Linux. At their essence, ela são "switches" que você pode definir para configurar opções que podem ser construídas em vários pacotes. Elas são utilizadas para assim personalizar seu Funtoo Linux system para que conheça as suas exatas necessidades. We added support for a <code>binary</code> USE flag to the <code>debian-sources</code> ebuilds, as well as a few other of our kernel ebuilds, to make it easier for new users to get Funtoo Linux up and running.
| | More information can be found in the [[Funtoo Linux Installation]] Guide. |
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| Now, when we just want to update our system's packages, we'll type <code>emerge -auDN @world</code>, and it will update our world set, leaving out the kernel. Likewise, when we just want to update our kernel, we'll type <code>emerge -au @kernel</code>, and it will update our kernel, leaving out the world set.
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| ==== Building the Kernel ====
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| {{Fancynote|1=
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| See [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]] for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend <code>debian-sources</code> for new users.}}
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| {{fancyimportant|1=
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| <code>debian-sources</code> with <code>binary</code> USE flag requires at least 14GB free in <code>/var/tmp</code> and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.}}
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| Let's emerge our kernel:
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| <console>
| | === {{Package|sys-kernel/gentoo-sources}} === |
| (chroot) # ##i##emerge -1 @kernel
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| </console>
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| {{Important|Right now, the <code>-1</code> option is required to not add our <code>@kernel</code> set to <code>world-sets</code>. This allows you to emerge it independently from @world. If you forget to use this option, edit <code>/var/lib/portage/world-sets</code> and remove the <code>@kernel</code> line. This will prevent kernel updates from being included in @world updates.}}
| | This kernel tree is based on stable kernels from [https://www.kernel.org/ kernel.org] with genpatches applied [http://dev.gentoo.org/~mpagano/genpatches/about.htm genpatches]. |
| | Gentoo patchset aims to support the entire range of Gentoo-supported architectures. List of available genpatched kernels: [http://dev.gentoo.org/~mpagano/genpatches/kernels.htm genpatches-kernels] |
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| Note that while use of the <code>binary</code> USE flag makes installing a working kernel extremely simple, it is one part of Funtoo Linux that takes a ''very'' long time to build from source, because it is building a kernel that supports ''all'' hardware that Linux supports! So, get the build started, and then let your machine compile. Slower machines can take up to several hours to build the kernel, and you'll want to make sure that you've set <code>MAKEOPTS</code> in <code>/etc/portage/make.conf</code> to the number of processing cores/threads (plus one) in your system before starting to build it as quickly as possible -- see the [[#/etc/portage/make.conf|/etc/portage/make.conf section]] if you forgot to do this.
| | === {{Package|sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable}} === |
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| {{fancynote|NVIDIA card users: the <code>binary</code> USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code>.}}
| | This is a RHEL6-based kernel with OpenVZ support. This kernel is now the preferred kernel for production OpenVZ deployments. It requires gcc-4.4.5 to build, which it will use automatically without the user needing to use ''<code>gcc-config</code>''. We use this version of gcc since this is the version of gcc used by Red Hat to build this kernel. |
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| {{fancynote|For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]]. There may be modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where [http://www.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Linux_Kernels#Using_Debian-Sources_with_Genkernel genkernel] would be useful. Also be sure to see [[:Category:Hardware Compatibility|hardware compatibility]] information.}} | | === {{Package|sys-kernel/debian-sources}} === |
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| Once <code>emerge</code> completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to <code>/boot</code>, plus kernel headers installed in <code>/usr/src/linux</code>, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.
| | This is the Debian kernel. '''These ebuilds now support the ''<code>binary</code>'' USE flag.''' Daniel has added a special <tt>config-extract</tt> command which can be used to list all available official Debian kernel configurations, and generate them from the Debian files included with the kernel. This kernel has optional [[OpenVZ]] support, but it is much better to use <tt>openvz-rhel6-stable</tt> if you want a production-quality OpenVZ installation. For more information about how to use <tt>debian-sources</tt> and <tt>config-extract</tt>, see [[#Using Debian-Sources with Genkernel|Using debian-sources with Genkernel]] below. |
Overview of Kernels
This will install the "vanilla" (unmodified) Linux kernel sources. Current recommended version is 3.x. Funtoo Linux fully supports Linux 3.x. The advantages of this kernel include recent improvements to Linux Containers, a very modern networking stack with lots of bug fixes, and high reliability for desktops and servers. The downside is that this kernel must be manually configured by the user and does not have built-in genkernel support via the binary USE flag at this time.
Binary USE
Many of the kernel ebuilds in Funtoo Linux support the very useful binary USE flag. By enabling this USE flag and emerging the kernel, the ebuild will automatically build a binary kernel image, initramfs and kernel modules and install them to /boot. The binary kernel image and initramfs can be used to boot your Funtoo Linux system without requiring any additional configuration. This is a great way to get a Funtoo Linux system up and running quickly. Here's how to do it:
root # echo "sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use
root # emerge openvz-rhel6-stable
root # nano -w /etc/boot.conf
root # boot-update
More information can be found in the Funtoo Linux Installation Guide.
No results
This kernel tree is based on stable kernels from kernel.org with genpatches applied genpatches.
Gentoo patchset aims to support the entire range of Gentoo-supported architectures. List of available genpatched kernels: genpatches-kernels
No results
This is a RHEL6-based kernel with OpenVZ support. This kernel is now the preferred kernel for production OpenVZ deployments. It requires gcc-4.4.5 to build, which it will use automatically without the user needing to use gcc-config. We use this version of gcc since this is the version of gcc used by Red Hat to build this kernel.
This is the Debian kernel. These ebuilds now support the binary USE flag. Daniel has added a special config-extract command which can be used to list all available official Debian kernel configurations, and generate them from the Debian files included with the kernel. This kernel has optional OpenVZ support, but it is much better to use openvz-rhel6-stable if you want a production-quality OpenVZ installation. For more information about how to use debian-sources and config-extract, see Using debian-sources with Genkernel below.