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<languages/>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{Note|Translators: Thank you for your help! Please use the {{Install|section-by-section guide}} as the basis for your translations. Thanks again!}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Funtoo Linux Installation Guide}}
</div>
{{#widget:AddThis}}
{{#widget:AddThis}}
= Install Funtoo Linux =
{{translated_subpage|Install|Introduction}}
__NOTITLE__
{{translated_subpage|Install|Download LiveCD}}
<languages/>
{{translated_subpage|Install|Prepare Disk}}
{{Announce|To help us translate this documentation, {{CreateAccount}}, log in to the wiki. Then go to Actions -> Translate in the menu, or click the "Translate this page" link, above. You will be able to select small parts of the install docs and translate these parts to your native language.}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|MBR Partitioning}}
== 介紹 == 
{{translated_subpage|Install|GPT Partitioning}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Creating Filesystems}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Mounting Filesystems}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Setting the Date}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Download and Extract Stage3}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Chroot}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Download Portage Tree}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Configuration Files}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Introducing Portage}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Kernel}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Bootloader}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Network}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Finishing}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Profiles}}
{{translated_subpage|Install|Done}}


這份教學能幫助你在PC相容系統上以最簡單的步驟安裝Funtoo Linux。
[[Category:HOWTO]]
 
[[Category:Install]]
如果你有Gentoo Linux的安裝經驗,你可能會對安裝流程感到十分熟悉,但是因為兩者之間仍有許多不同,所以還是建議你閱讀整份文件。如果你是第一次安裝Gentoo系發行版或甚至是第一次接觸Linux,我們都非常歡迎你的加入,我們會盡量讓純新手也能看懂這份教學。
[[Category:Official Documentation]]
 
{{Note|如果你想在ARM架構上安裝Funtoo Linux,請參閱[[Funtoo Linux Installation on ARM]] 以了解不同之處 }}
 
== 概要 ==
 
安裝Funtoo的基本步驟:
 
 
# [[#Live CD|下載並啟動live  CD]]
# [[#Prepare Hard Disk|準備硬碟]]
# [[#Creating filesystems|建立]]並[[#Mounting filesystems|掛載]]檔案系統
# [[#Installing the Stage 3 tarball|安裝Stage3]]  
# [[#Chroot into Funtoo|Chroot到新系統]]
# [[#Downloading the Portage tree|下載Portage樹]]
# [[#Configuring your system|系統]]和[[#Configuring your network|網路設定]]
# [[#Kernel|安裝內核]].
# [[#Installing a Bootloader|安裝啟動程式]]
# [[#Finishing Steps|收尾]]
# [[#Restart your system|重啟並享受Funtoo]]
 
=== Live CD ===
 
要安裝Funtoo Linux,首先你需要一個Linux的Live CD或是隨身碟來啟動你的電腦。我們推薦Gentoo系的[http://www.sysresccd.org/ System Rescue CD] ,因為它附有很多工具而且同時支援32和64位元的系統。你可以將它燒錄進CD/DVD或是安裝在隨身碟裡。在這裡可以下載他們:
 
 
* 從 '''[http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/funtoo/distfiles/sysresccd/sysresccd-4.7.0_zfs_0.6.5.4.iso osuosl.org]''' 下載
* 從 '''[http://build.funtoo.org/distfiles/sysresccd/sysresccd-4.7.0_zfs_0.6.5.4.iso funtoo.org]''' 下載
 
 
{{Important|'''沒有畫面''': 在使用UEFI開機時System Rescue CD 可能沒有正確初始化顯示卡  (參閱 {{bug|FL-2030}}) 如果碰到這種情況,在System Rescue CD啟動進入GRUB目錄時按下 {{c|e}} 編輯GRUB啟動項目並加入{{c|insmod all_video}} 然後重新啟動。 這個Bug已經回報給System Rescue CD的開發者了。}}
 
 
{{Note|如果你正在使用舊版本的System Rescue CD, '''欲安裝64位元的系統,請確認你在啟動時選擇了<code>rescue64</code> 的內核''',System Rescue CD在預設的情況下會以32位元模式啟動,但在最新的版本中 系統會嘗試自動偵測64位元的處理器。}}
 
==== 連接網路 ====
 
如果你已經成功啟動System Rescue CD務必確認是否已經連上網路,因為安裝Funtoo Linux必須要用到網路。
 
<console>
# ##i##ping www.google.com
PING www.google.com (216.58.217.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from den03s10-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.217.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=30.1 ms
</console>
 
如果你成功的ping通了(看到<code>64 bytes</code>的訊息)這代表你成功的連上了網路,按Control-C來停下ping程序。
 
如果你需要設定WiFi連接網路,那麼你會需要用到System Rescue CD的桌面環境。輸入<code>startx</code>來啟動圖形使用者介面。
 
(譯註: 在新的英文頁面提供了不使用圖形介面的方法-nmtui,但受限於翻譯系統,我們目前無法翻譯,請自行前往英文頁面以了解更多)
<console>
# ##i##startx
</console>
 
[[File:NetworkManagerIcon.PNG|left|caption]]
 
然後使用NetworkManager程式 (在工具列右下方的小圖示)來連接WiFi網路。接著開啟桌面環境裡的終端機來完成接下來的步驟。
 
==== 遠端安裝 ====
 
你也可以透過SSH來遠端登入System Rescue CD來從其他的電腦上安裝,這樣安裝Funtoo Linux可能更加的方便。
 
如果想要遠端安裝Funtoo,首先你需要去認System Rescue CD已經成功連上網路,然後你會需要設定一組System Rescue CD的root密碼。
{{console|body=
###i## passwd
New password: ##i##********
Retype new password: ##i##********
passwd: password updated successfully
}}
設定完密碼後,你還會需要知道System Rescue CD的ip位址來{{c|ssh}}它。輸入{{c|ifconfig}}來取得System Rescue CD的ip位址:
 
{{console|body=
###i## ifconfig
}}
其中一個網路介面應該要擁有一組ip位址(包含字串{{c|inet addr:}}),你可以從區域網路中的其他電腦遠端連接到System Rescue CD並使用現有的作業系統來完成安裝的工作。在像是MacOS或是Linux等你想用來遠端操作的系統上輸入(將{{c|1.2.3.4}}替換為System Rescue CD的ip位址):
 
{{console|body=
(remote system) $ ##i##ssh root@1.2.3.4
Password: ##i##**********}}
{{Note|如果想從Microsoft Windows連接 你需要下載一個SSH客戶端,例如:[http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY]。}}
 
在透過SSH登入System Rescue CD之後你就能遠端的執行下列的安裝步驟了。
 
=== 準備硬碟 ===
 
在這個項目中,我們將會學到好幾種Funtoo Linux從硬碟上啟動的方式,"Boot"代表著Linux在你按下電源鍵之後的啟動程序,你可以將"booting"想成一個透過韌體來尋找並啟動Linux內核的程序,再由內核來識別所有的硬體而後啟動系統。
 
==== 背景知識 ====
 
 
{{Note|如果你從未接觸過Linux, 跳過這個章節也許能夠避免太多的困惑,[[#Which to Use?|該用哪個?]]}}
 
以前,要啟動PC相容的電腦只有一種方法,所有的個人電腦和伺服器都擁有一個標準的韌體"PC BIOS"我們所有的硬碟都在首個磁區使用"主開機紀錄(MBR)",PC BIOS能夠識別出能夠加載LInux的啟動代碼以及磁碟的
多個分割區,而我們都喜歡這種方法!
 
後來出現了EFI和UEFI,一種全新的開機導引,以及能夠定義大於2.2TB硬碟的的GPT分割表。突然,我們就擁有了一大堆安裝和啟動Linux系統的選擇了,同時也將事情弄得更複雜。
 
接著我們花一些時間來了解一些能夠用來啟動Funtoo Linux的硬碟設置,這份教學採用並推薦使用MBR的舊式方法,在幾乎所有的電腦上都能運作,只要你的硬碟小於2TB他都不會影響到電腦的使用。
 
但是在某些狀況下舊式的方法並不是最好的,如果你有一顆大於2TB的硬碟,MBR分割會導致你無法完整使用整顆硬碟空間,還有一個情況是有一些新的主機板強迫你使用UEFI而不再支援舊式的BIOS開機,所以本篇文章也提供了UEFI的教學。
 
不過除非不得已,我們還是推薦你使用舊的方法。這份教學使用GRUB加載Linux,這種在PC相容機器上啟動Linux的傳統方法被叫做'''BIOS + GRUB (MBR)'''
 
如果你需要使用UEFI來開機,我們建議你完全不要使用MBR,只有少數的系統容許你使用MBR又使用UEFI,我們推薦使用UEFI來啟動GRUB來加載LInux,這種方法被稱為'''UEFI + GRUB (GPT)'''
 
當然還有其他的方法,這些方法我們收錄在[[Boot Methods]]頁面,我們曾經推薦使用'''BIOS + GRUB (GPT)''',但他不再被大部分的硬體支援了。
 
==== 該用哪個? ====
 
'''問題是該選哪一種呢?''' 這就是答案:
 
;一、舊式方法: 如果你能使用System Rescue CD開機,而且開機後能看到一個藍色選單,這表示System Rescue CD使用BIOS開機,也就是Funtoo也能使用舊式的方法來啟動,選擇舊式方法吧,除非你有像是有超過2.2TB的硬碟等等的理由,那麼看看方法二,也許你的電腦支援UEFI開機。
 
;二、新式方法: 如果你能正確啟動System Rescue CD而且看到了一個黑底白字的選單,恭喜,你的電腦支援UEFI開機,當然他也可能支援BIOS開機,但是你可以先試一試並花一點時間研究一下新的方法。
 
 
{{Note|'''高手可能想問:''' 舊式和新式方法最大的不同是什麼: 如果你使用舊式的MBR分割,{{f|/boot}} 分割區會採用ext2檔案系統,而要建立新的MBR分割區需要使用的工具是{{c|fdisk}},如果你使用的是新式的GPT分割,{{f|/boot}}分割區會採用vfat檔案系統,這樣UEFI才能正確識別,而要創建新的GPT分割區則需要使用{{c|gdisk}},GRUB的安裝過程也會有些許的不同,接下來會碰到的差異大概就只有這些,希望能滿足你的好奇心。}}
 
如果要透過新的UEFI方法來安裝Funtoo Linux,首先必須要使用UEFI來啟動System Rescue CD,如果成功了,你會看到一個黑底白字的選單來選擇你想啟動的模式,但如果是一個藍底黑字的選單,這表示你無法使用UEFI來完成接下來的安裝程序。
 
{{Note|'''某些主機板可能支援UEFI,某些則不''',事前做些研究,舉例來說 我的Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD7 rev 1.1主機板裡的Award BIOS可以透過UEFI來啟動CD/DVD''',但這不表示你能透過UEFI從硬碟中啟動Funtoo Linux''' ,UEFI必須要同時支援移動式硬體(這樣才能啟動System Rescue CD)和固定式硬體(才能從硬碟中啟動Funtoo), 結果只有更新的版本(rev 3.0)才完整的支援UEFI啟動。這也點出了第三個要點,完全了解你的硬體。}}
 
==== 舊式方法 (BIOS/MBR) ====
 
{{Note|這方法適用於使用BIOS來開機的情況,而使用BIOS啟動電腦你會看到一個藍色的選單,如果你想使用新式方法啟動 ,[[#New-School (UEFI/GPT) Method|
點擊轉跳到UEFI/GPT章節]]}}
 
首先,你需要找到正確的硬碟來進行分割,使用這個指令來確認{{f|/dev/sda}}是你要用來分割的硬碟。
{{console|body=
###i## fdisk -l /dev/sda
 
Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
 
#        Start          End    Size  Type            Name
1        2048  1250263694  596.2G  Linux filesyste Linux filesystem
}}
接著我們建議你清除硬碟上所有的MBR或GPT分割表,否則BIOS在啟動時可能會發生一點錯誤,我們使用{{c|sgdisk}}來完成這項工作:{{注意|這會導致你無法存取現存所有的分割區,我們'''強烈建議你在進行這個動作之前先行備份'''。}}
 
{{console|body=
###i## sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda
 
Creating new GPT entries.
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.
}}
如果出現了這個訊息也不需要擔心,指令仍然是成功的:
 
{{console|body=
***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory.
***************************************************************
}}接著使用{{c|fdisk}}來創建MBR分割表和分割區:
{{console|body=
###i## fdisk /dev/sda
}}
在{{c|fdisk}}中依照下列指示操作:
 
'''清空分割表''':
{{console|body=
Command (m for help): ##i##o ↵
}}
'''建立分割區1''': (boot)
 
{{console|body=
Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##i##↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##+128M ↵
}}
'''建立分割區2''' (swap):
 
{{console|body=
Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
Partition number (2-4, default 2): ##i##↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##+2G ↵
Command (m for help): ##i##t ↵
Partition number (1,2, default 2): ##i## ↵
Hex code (type L to list all codes): ##i##82 ↵
}}
'''建立root分割區:'''
 
{{console|body=
Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
Partition number (3,4, default 3): ##i##↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##↵
}}
'''驗證分割表:'''
 
{{console|body=
Command (m for help): ##i##p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6
 
Device    Boot    Start      End    Blocks  Id System
/dev/sda1          2048    264191    131072  83 Linux
/dev/sda2        264192  4458495  2097152  82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3        4458496 625142447 310341976  83 Linux
}}
'''將分割表寫入硬碟:'''
 
{{console|body=Command (m for help): ##i##w}}
全新的MBR分割表將會被寫入你的系統硬碟中。
 
{{Note|你已經完成了硬碟分割了! 現在轉跳到[[#Creating filesystems|建立檔案系統]]。}}
 
==== 新式方法 (UEFI/GPT) ====
 
 
{{Note|如果你對使用UEFI來啟動很有興趣的話選擇這個方法而System Rescue CD的開機選單會是黑底白字的,如果出現的是藍色的選單,這個方法則不適用於你的電腦。}}
 
請依照下列的指示使用{{c|gdisk}}來建立GPT分割區,雖然預設的大小就是用於大部分的使用者,但是選擇適當的分割區大小仍然很重要。啟動 {{c|gdisk}}:
{{console|body=###i## gdisk /dev/sda}}
在{{c|gdisk}}中依照下列指示操作:
 
'''建立一個全新的分割表''' (這在寫入硬碟後將會清除硬碟上的所有資料):
{{console|body=
Command: ##i##o ↵
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): ##i##y ↵
}}
'''建立分割區1''': (boot)
 
{{console|body=
Command: ##i##n ↵
Partition Number: ##i##1 ↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##+500M ↵
Hex Code: ##i##EF00 ↵
}}
'''建立分割區2''' (swap):
 
{{console|body=
Command: ##i##n ↵
Partition Number: ##i##2 ↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##+4G ↵
Hex Code: ##i##8200 ↵
}}
'''建立分割區3''' (root):
 
{{console|body=
Command: ##i##n ↵
Partition Number: ##i##3 ↵
First sector: ##i##↵
Last sector: ##i##↵##!i## (for rest of disk)
Hex Code: ##i##↵
}}
運行的過程中可以輸入"{{c|p}}"接著按下Enter來查看當前的分割表,如果有任何錯誤隨時能輸入"{{c|d}}"來刪除已經建立好的分割區,在完成所有步驟之後,輸入"{{c|w}}"將變更寫入硬碟之中:
 
 
'''將分割表寫入硬碟''':
{{console|body=
Command: ##i##w ↵
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): ##i##Y ↵
}}分割表將被寫入硬碟,而{{c|gdisk}}會關閉。
 
現在GPT/GUID分割區已經被建立好了,並且在Linux中會以"block devices"的形式出現。
 
* {{c|/dev/sda1}}將被作為{{c|/boot}}分割區
 
* {{c|/dev/sda2}}將被作為置換空間(swap space)
 
* {{c|/dev/sda3}}則是成為{{c|/root}}分割
 
 
{{Tip|你可以透過{{c|lsblk}}指令來查看所有的分割區是否正確}}
==== 建立檔案系統 ====
 
{{Note|這個章節同時適用於"BIOS"和"UEFI",別不小心跳過他了!}}
 
在你新建立的分割區能派上用場之前,這些前一個步驟了產物需要被使用"檔案相關資料"初始化,這個步驟又被稱為"建立檔案系統",在檔案系統被建立之後,他們才能被掛載,然後用來儲存檔案。
 
簡單來說,如果你正在使用舊式的MBR分割區,那麼在{{f|/dev/sda1}}上建立一個ext2檔案系統:
{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1}}
如果你為了使用UEFI而使用新式的GPT分割區,則在{{c|/dev/sda1}}上使用vfat檔案系統,這樣UEFI才有辦法讀取。
{{console|body=###i## mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1}}
接著,建立一個swap分割區,這個分割區將在Funtoo Linux上作為一個由硬碟構成的虛擬記憶體。
 
因為swap分割區並不是用來儲存檔案的所以你不需要為他建立一個檔案系統,但他仍需要透過{{c|mkswwap}}指令來初始化,接著使用{{c|swapon}}來讓你剛初始化好的置換空間能夠立即被live CD環境使用,以防他在接下來的安裝流程中會被使用到:
{{console|body=
# ##i##mkswap /dev/sda2
# ##i##swapon /dev/sda2
}}現在我們需要建立一個root檔案系統,這就是Funtoo LInux安裝的地方,我們大致上推薦使用ext4或是XFS檔案系統,如果你不確定該用哪個,那就選擇ext4,以下是示範如何為root建立一個ext4檔案系統:
 
{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3}}
如果你想使用XFS系統,則參考下列指示:
 
{{console|body=###i## mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3}}
你的檔案系統(和swap)全都已經初始化好了,現在他們能被掛載(mount,連接到檔案目錄裡)並用來儲存檔案,這樣我們就能開始在這全新的檔案系統上安裝Funtoo Linux了。
 
{{注意|注意在佈署一個 OpenVZ的宿主機時, 請使用ext4檔案系統,Parallels開發團隊對ext4和新的{{c|openvz-rhel6-stable}}版本進行測試,發現他們'''不'''相容XFS檔案系統,可能會遇上一些內核的問題。}}
 
==== 掛載檔案系統 ====
 
請依照下列指示掛載剛剛建立的檔案系統,並新增{{c|/mnt/funtoo}}作為安裝Funtoo Linux的掛載點:
{{console|body=
###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo
###i## mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo
###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot
###i## mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot
}}
如果你別的檔案系統像是{{f|/home}}:
 
{{console|body=
###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home
###i## mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home
}}
假如你需要在分開的檔案系統上設置{{f|/tmp}}或是{{f|/var/tmp}},請向下列操作一樣,確定你已經將掛載點的權限設定為全域可變更。
{{console|body=###i## chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp}}
==== 設定日期 ====
 
{{Important|如果你的系統的日期和時間和現實相差太多(通常是以月或是年為單位),那麼它可能會導致Portage無法正確下載原始碼包。這是因為我們有些資源需要透過HTTPS來下載,而這些資源使用SSL證書,並標有生效日期及期限。 不過,如果您的系統時間大致上正確,則可以暫時跳過此步驟。}}
 
是時候使用{{c|date}}來確認日期和時間是否都已經被正確設定為UTC。
{{console|body=
###i## date
Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011
}}
如果日期或是時間需要修正,使用{{c|date MMDDhhmmYYYY}}並記住{{c|hhmm}}採用24小時制,下面的例子是將日期和時間設定成"July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:
 
{{console|body=
###i## date 071620002011
Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011
}}
設定好系統時間之後,最好將之寫入硬體時鐘,這樣下次開機之後才不需要重新設定:
 
{{console|body=###i## hwclock --systohc}}
=== 安裝 Stage 3 壓縮包 ===
 
檔案系統和系統時間都設定好之後,我們來下載Stage 3 壓縮包,Stage 3 是一個預先編譯好,並用來當作安裝Funtoo Linux出發點的系統。 
 
為了下載符合你系統的Funtoo Linux版本,請參考[[Subarches]]頁面。Subarches是為了在特定種類的CPU上提供Funtoo Linux的最佳表現而設計的版本,同時也對各種不同CPU的指令集做了不同的優化。


[[Subarches]]頁面列出了所有針對不同CPU做優化的Funtoo Linux版本,找出適合你電腦CPU的種類,然後點擊他在第一欄的名字(像是{{c|corei7}}),然後你將會被導向到專用的Subarch頁面,這個頁面也會列出你能下載的stage3版本,如果你想要使用虛擬化技術來運行Funtoo,而你的虛擬機則可以轉移到不同的硬體,所以我們建議你使用針對最老的cpu指令集進行優化的stage3壓縮包或是可以同時運行在AMD及Intel處理器的通用版本。
{{#css:
 
firstHeading {
大部分的subarches都會提供多種stage3作選擇,這個章節將會幫助你了解你該選哪個。
  display: none;
 
==== 哪個版本? ====
 
'''如果你不太確定,那就選{{c|funtoo-current}}'''
 
Funtoo Linux 提供多種不同的 'build'(版本):
 
 
{{TableStart}}
{{2ColHead|Build|Description}}
<tr><td>{{c|funtoo-current}}</td><td>最常被選擇的版本,且提供快速的更新,日常用途的使用者通常會選擇這個版本。</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{c|funtoo-stable}}</td><td>套件的更新比較不頻繁,且採用最值得信賴的而非最新的版本。</td></tr>
{{TableEnd}}
 
==== Which Variant? ====
 
'''If you're not sure, pick {{c|standard}}.'''
 
Our "regular" stage3's are listed with a variant of {{c|standard}}. The following variant builds are available:
 
{{TableStart}}
{{2ColHead|Variant|Description}}
<tr><td>{{c|standard}}</td><td>The "standard" version of Funtoo Linux</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{c|pure64}}</td><td>A 64-bit build that drops multilib (32-bit compatibility) support. Can be ideal for server systems.</td></tr>
<tr><td>{{c|hardened}}</td><td>Includes PIE/SSP toolchain for enhanced security. PIE does require the use of PaX in the kernel, while SSP works with any kernel, and provides enhanced security in user-space to avoid stack-based exploits. For expert users.</td></tr>
{{TableEnd}}
 
==== Download the Stage3 ====
 
Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use {{c|wget}} to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the {{f|/mnt/funtoo}} directory as follows:
{{console|body=
###i## cd /mnt/funtoo
###i## wget http://build.funtoo.org/funtoo-current/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz
}}
Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the {{c|generic_64}} or {{c|generic_32}} stage. Consult the [[Subarches]] page for more information.
 
Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:
{{console|body=
###i## tar xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz
}}{{Important|It is very important to use {{c|tar's}} "{{c|'''p'''}}" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells {{c|tar}} to ''preserve'' any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.}}
 
=== Chroot into Funtoo ===
To install Funtoo Linux, the {{c|chroot}} command is first used. The chroot command will "switch into" the new Funtoo Linux system, so the commands you execute after running "chroot" will run within your newly-extracted Funtoo Linux system.
 
Before chrooting, there are a few things that need to be done to set up the chroot environment. You will need to mount {{f|/proc}}, {{f|/sys}} and {{f|/dev}} inside your new system. Use the following commands to do so:
{{console|body=
# ##i##cd /mnt/funtoo
# ##i##mount -t proc none proc
# ##i##mount --rbind /sys sys
# ##i##mount --rbind /dev dev
}}You'll also want to copy over {{f|resolv.conf}} in order to have proper resolution of Internet hostnames from inside the chroot:
{{console|body=
# ##i##cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/
}}Now you can chroot into your new system. Use <code>env</code> before <code>chroot</code> to ensure that no environment settings from the installation media are pulled in to your new system:
 
{{console|body=###i## env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l}}
{{Note|For users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels installing 32-bit systems: Some software may use {{c|uname -r}} to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.}}
{{Important|If you receive the error "{{c|chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error}}", it is most likely because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. Make sure that you have selected the proper type of kernel when booting SystemRescueCD.}}
 
It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:
{{console|body=# ##i##export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"}}
Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:
{{console|body=###i## ping -c 5 google.com}}
If you can't ping, make sure {{f|/etc/resolv.conf}} doesn't contain things like {{c|127.0.x.x}} addresses, if it does, change the {{c|127.0.x.x}} entry to {{c|8.8.8.8}} -- Google's public dns address.  Make sure to replace this with your dns of choice once the system is installed.
 
 
Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.
=== Downloading the Portage tree ===
 
{{note|For an alternative way to do this, see [[Installing Portage From Snapshot]].}}
Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run <code>emerge --sync</code> from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from [https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012 GitHub]:
 
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## emerge --sync
}}
{{important|If you receive the error with initial {{c|emerge --sync}} due to git protocol restrictions, set the {{c|SYNC}} variable in {{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}} to
{{c|"https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012.git"}}
}}
 
=== Configuring your system ===
As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is {{f|/etc/fstab}}. The others are optional.
 
==== Using Nano ====
 
The default editor included in the chroot environment is called {{c|nano}}. To edit one of the files below, run nano as follows:
 
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## nano /etc/fstab
}}
When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer {{c|y}} when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.
 
==== Configuration Files ====
 
Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:
{{TableStart}}
{{3ColHead|File|Do I need to change it?|Description}}
<tr  class="danger">
<td>{{c|/etc/fstab}}</td>
<td>'''YES - required'''</td>
<td>Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/localtime}}</td>
<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
<td>Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal) </td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/make.conf}} (symlink) - also known as:<br/>{{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}}</td>
<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
<td>Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document. ''Note that it is normal for this file to be empty in Funtoo Linux, as many settings have been migrated to our enhanced profile system.''</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hostname}}</td>
<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
<td>Used to set system hostname. Set the {{c|hostname}} variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. {{c|foo.funtoo.org}}) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. {{c|foo}}). Defaults to {{c|localhost}} if not set.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/hosts}}</td>
<td>''No''</td>
<td> You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by {{c|/etc/init.d/hostname}}.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/keymaps}}</td>
<td>Optional</td>
<td>Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hwclock}}</td>
<td>Optional</td>
<td>How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/modules}}</td>
<td>Optional</td>
<td>Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See [[Additional Kernel Resources]] for more info.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/consolefont}}</td>
<td>Optional</td>
<td>Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>{{c|profiles}}</td>
<td>Optional</td>
<td>Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.</td>
</tr>
{{TableEnd}}
 
If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the [[Funtoo Linux Localization]] page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See [[#Community portal|Community]])
 
Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use {{c|nano -w <name_of_file>}} to edit files -- the "{{c|-w}}" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.
 
{{Warning|It's important to edit your {{c|/etc/fstab}} file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with {{c|gdisk}} or {{c|fdisk}}. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.}}
 
==== /etc/fstab ====
 
{{f|/etc/fstab}} is used by the {{c|mount}} command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform {{c|mount}} about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit {{f|/etc/fstab}} and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier, the {{c|lsblk}} command may be of help to you:
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/fstab
}}
{{file|name=/etc/fstab|desc=An example fstab file|body=
# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1.
# All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1.
#
# NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts.
#
# See the manpage fstab(5) for more information.
#
# <fs>     <mountpoint>  <type>  <opts>        <dump/pass>
 
/dev/sda1    /boot        ext2    noauto,noatime 1 2
/dev/sda2    none         swap    sw            0 0
/dev/sda3    /            ext4    noatime        0 1
#/dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom    auto    noauto,ro      0 0
}}
{{Note|Currently, our default {{f|/etc/fstab}}file  has the root filesystem as {{c|/dev/sda4}} and the swap partition as {{c|/dev/sda3}}. These will need to be changed to {{c|/dev/sda3}} and {{c|/dev/sda2}}, respectively.}}
 
{{Note|If you're using UEFI to boot, change the {{f|/dev/sda1}} line so that it says {{c|vfat}} instead of {{c|ext2}}. Similarly, make sure that the {{f|/dev/sda3}} line specifies either {{c|xfs}} or {{c|ext4}}, depending on which filesystem you chose earlier on in the installation process when you created filesystems.}}
 
==== /etc/localtime ====
 
{{f|/etc/localtime}} is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace {{f|/etc/localtime}} with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.
 
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime
}}
The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type {{c|ls /usr/share/zoneinfo}} to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.
 
==== /etc/portage/make.conf ====
 
{{c|MAKEOPTS}} can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If, for example, you have a dual core processor without [[wikipedia:Hyper-threading|hyper-threading]], then you would set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to 3:
 
<pre>
MAKEOPTS="-j3"
</pre>
 
If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have, then use {{c|nproc}} to help you.
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## nproc
16
}}
Set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to this number plus one:
 
<pre>
MAKEOPTS="-j17"
</pre>
 
{{c|USE}} flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of USE flags during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("{{c|-}}") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling.  A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the [http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?part=2&chap=2 Gentoo Handbook].
 
{{c|LINGUAS}} tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:
 
<pre>
LINGUAS="fr"
</pre>
 
==== /etc/conf.d/hwclock ====
If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of '''clock''' from '''UTC''' to '''local''', because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.
{{console|body=
(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock
}}
==== Localization ====
 
By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].
 
=== Introducing Portage ===
 
Portage, the Funtoo Linux package manager has a command called <code>emerge</code> which is used to build and install packages from source. It also takes care of installing all of the package's dependencies. You call emerge like this:
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge packagename
</console>
 
When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the <code>/var/lib/portage/world</code> file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the <code>world</code> set, we can update our entire system by typing:
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync
(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world
</console>
 
This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the <code>world</code> set of packages. The options specified tell <code>emerge</code> to:
 
* '''<code>a</code>''' - show us what will be emerged, and '''ask''' us if we want to proceed
* '''<code>u</code>''' - '''update''' the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.
* '''<code>D</code>''' - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a '''deep''' update.
* '''<code>N</code>''' - Update any packages that have changed ('''new''') USE settings.
 
You should also consider passing <code>--with-bdeps=y</code> when emerging @world, at least once in a while. This will update build dependencies as well.
 
Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the <code>world</code> file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependnecy of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge -1 packagename
</console>
 
Advanced users may be interested in the [[Emerge]] wiki page.
 
==== Updating World ====
 
Now is actually a very good time to update the entire system and it can be a good idea to do so prior to first boot.
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync
(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world
</console>
 
{{fancyimportant|1=
Make sure you read any post emerge messages and follow their instructions. This is especially true if you have upgraded perl or python.}}
 
=== Kernel ===
 
Starting mid-May 2015, Funtoo Linux stage3's include a pre-built {{c|debian-sources}} kernel to make installation faster and easier. To see if debian-sources is installed, type:
{{console|body=
(chroot) # ##i##emerge -s debian-sources
Searching...   
[ Results for search key : ##b##debian-sources##!b## ]
[ Applications found : ##b##1##!b## ]
 
*  ##b##sys-kernel/debian-sources##!b##
      ##g##Latest version available:##!g## 3.19.3
      ##g##Latest version installed:##!g## 3.19.3
      ##g##Size of files:##!g## 81,292 kB
      ##g##Homepage:##!g##      http://www.debian.org
      ##g##Description:##!g##  Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)
      ##g##License:##!g##      GPL-2
}}
If a version is listed under {{c|Latest version installed}}, then debian-sources is already pre-built for you and you can skip the rest of the Kernel section, and proceed to the [[#Installing a Bootloader|Installing a Bootloader section]].
 
==== Building the Kernel ====
 
If you need to build a kernel for Funtoo Linux, please follow these steps:
 
{{Fancynote|1=
See [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]] for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend <code>debian-sources</code> for new users.}}
 
{{fancyimportant|1=
<code>debian-sources</code> with <code>binary</code> USE flag requires at least 14GB free in <code>/var/tmp</code> and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.}}
 
Let's emerge our kernel:
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge debian-sources
</console>
 
Once <code>emerge</code> completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to <code>/boot</code>, plus kernel headers installed in <code>/usr/src/linux</code>, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.
 
{{warning|If you have a RAID in your machine, the kernel installation will pull in the <code>mdadm</code> tool as a dependency. It is important to edit the <code>/etc/mdadm.conf</code> file prior to rebooting the machine so the RAID is properly recognised and set up before the kernel attempts to mount it in the tree. Failing to do so can result in an unusable or even unbootable system! For specific details, consult the mdadm man page <code>man mdadm</code> or the [[Package:Mdadm|mdadm]] ebuild page.}}
 
{{fancynote|NVIDIA card users: the <code>binary</code> USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code>.}}
 
{{fancynote|For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]]. There may be modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where [http://www.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Linux_Kernels#Using_Debian-Sources_with_Genkernel genkernel] would be useful. Also be sure to see [[:Category:Hardware Compatibility|hardware compatibility]] information.}}
 
=== Installing a Bootloader ===
 
These install instructions show you how to use GRUB to boot using BIOS (old-school) or UEFI (new-school). As of boot-update-1.7.2, now in Portage, the steps are very similar.
 
First, emerge <code>boot-update</code>. This will also cause <code>grub-2</code> and {{c|efibootmgr}} to be merged, since they are dependencies:
 
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##emerge boot-update
</console>
 
Then, edit <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> using {{c|nano}} and specify "<code>Funtoo Linux genkernel</code>" as the <code>default</code> setting at the top of the file, replacing <code>"Funtoo Linux"</code>.
 
<code>/etc/boot.conf</code> should now look like this:
{{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|body=
boot {
generate grub
default "Funtoo Linux genkernel"
timeout 3
}
 
"Funtoo Linux" {
kernel bzImage[-v]
}
}
"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {
kernel kernel[-v]
initrd initramfs[-v]
params += real_root=auto
}
"Funtoo Linux better-initramfs" {
kernel vmlinuz[-v]
initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz
}
}}
If you are booting a custom or non-default kernel, please read <code>man boot.conf</code> for information on the various options available to you.
==== Old School (BIOS) MBR ====
When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sda
(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
</console>
==== New School (UEFI) Boot Entry ====
If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.
For x86-64bit systems:
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
</console>
For x86-32bit systems:
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=i386-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
</console>
==== First Boot, and in the future... ====
OK -- you are ready to boot!
You only need to run <code>grub-install</code> when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run <code>boot-update</code> every time you modify your <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> file or add new kernels to your system. This will regenerate {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu, the next time you reboot.
=== Configuring your network ===
It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.
==== Wi-Fi ====
For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks NetworkManager is strongly recommended. 
Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild:
{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##emerge linux-firmware networkmanager
(chroot) ###i## rc-update add NetworkManager default
}}
}}
The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the {{c|nmtui}} command (which has an easy-to-use console-based interface) to configure NetworkManager so that it will connect (and automatically reconnect, after reboot) to a Wi-Fi access point:
{{console|body=# ##i##nmtui}}
For more information about NetworkManager, see the [[Package:NetworkManager|NetworkManager package page]].
{{Note|wpa_supplicant is also a good choice for wireless network connections. See the {{package|net-wireless/wpa_supplicant}} package for steps involved in setting up wpa_supplicant.}}
==== Desktop (Wired DHCP) ====
For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add {{c|dhcpcd}} to the default runlevel:
{{console|body=
(chroot) # ##i##rc-update add dhcpcd default}}
When you reboot, {{c|dhcpcd}} will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.
If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.
==== Server (Static IP) ====
For servers, the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.
==== Hostname ====
By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit
{{console|body=
(chroot) # ##i##nano /etc/conf.d/hostname
}}
Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.
{{warning|Do not use special characters in the hostname, as the shell may interpret these, leading to unpredictable results. Use the Latin alphabet: a-z, A-Z, 0-9}}
{{tip|Use short hostnames (up to 8 or 10 characters) to prevent the terminal screen being filled with the hostname, leaving little space for the command itself. This become particularly poignant when coding long command strings in various programming languages like Bash, Python, SQL and Perl}}
=== Finishing Steps ===
==== Set your root password ====
It's imperative that you set your root password before rebooting so that you can log in.
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##passwd
</console>
===Restart your system ===
Now is the time to leave chroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.
Leave the chroot, change directory to /mnt, unmount your Funtoo partitions, and reboot.
<console>
(chroot) # ##i##exit
# ##i##cd /mnt
# ##i##umount -lR funtoo
# ##i##reboot
</console>
{{fancynote|System Rescue CD will gracefully unmount your new Funtoo filesystems as part of its normal shutdown sequence.}}
You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a <code>login:</code> prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!
=== Profiles ===
Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using [[Funtoo Profiles]]. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the [[Funtoo Profiles]] page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:
{{TableStart}}
{{2ColHead|Sub-Profile Type|Description}}
{{2Col|{{c|arch}}|Typically {{c|x86-32bit}} or {{c|x86-64bit}}, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.}}
{{2Col|{{c|build}}|Defines whether your system is a {{c|current}}, {{c|stable}} or {{c|experimental}} build. {{c|current}} systems will have newer packages unmasked than {{c|stable}} systems. This is defined when your stage is built and is typically not changed.}}
{{2Col|{{c|subarch}}|Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.}}
{{2Col|{{c|flavor}}|Defines the general type of system, such as {{c|server}} or {{c|desktop}}, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.}}
{{2Col|{{c|mix-ins}}|Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.}}
{{TableEnd}}
One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use {{c|epro show}} to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information:
{{console|body=
(chroot) # ##i## epro show
=== ##g##Enabled Profiles##!g##: ===
        arch: ##c## x86-64bit
      build: ##c## current
    subarch: ##c## intel64-haswell
      flavor: ##c## desktop
    mix-ins: ##c## gnome
=== ##g##All inherited flavors from desktop flavor##!g##: ===
                    ##c##workstation##!c## (from desktop flavor)
                            ##c##core##!c## (from workstation flavor)
                        ##c##minimal##!c## (from core flavor)
=== ##g##All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor##!g##: ===
                              ##c##X##!c## (from workstation flavor)
                          ##c##audio##!c## (from workstation flavor)
                            ##c##dvd##!c## (from workstation flavor)
                          ##c##media##!c## (from workstation flavor)
      ##c##mediadevice-audio-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)
                ##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
      ##c##mediadevice-video-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)
                ##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
        ##c##mediaformat-audio-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
          ##c##mediaformat-gfx-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
        ##c##mediaformat-video-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
                  ##c##console-extras##!c## (from workstation flavor)
                          ##c##print##!c## (from desktop flavor)
}}
Here are some basic examples of {{c|epro}} usage:
{{TableStart}}
{{2ColHead|Description|Command}}
{{2Col|View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a {{c|*}} appended.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro list}}}}
{{2Col|Change the system flavor.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro flavor desktop}}}}
{{2Col|Add a mix-in.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro mix-in +gnome}}}}
{{TableEnd}}
===Next Steps===
If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out [[Funtoo Linux First Steps]], which will help get you acquainted with your new system. We also have a category for our [[:Category:Official Documentation|official documentation]], which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.
We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See [[:Category:First Steps|First Steps]] for a list of these pages.
If your system did not boot correctly, see [[Installation Troubleshooting]] for steps you can take to resolve the problem.
[[Category:HOWTO]]
[[Category:Install]]
[[Category:Official Documentation]]

Latest revision as of 04:08, November 21, 2021

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   Note

Translators: Thank you for your help! Please use the section-by-section guide as the basis for your translations. Thanks again!

介紹

root # 歡迎使用Funtoo Linux!

這份教學能幫助你在PC相容系統上以最簡單的步驟安裝Funtoo Linux。

If you're new to installing a Gentoo-based Linux, or new to Linux entirely -- welcome! We have attempted to make these installation instructions understandable to new users as well. We encourage all new users to read Wolf Pack Philosophy to understand some of the distinctives of the Funtoo community.

Before we get started, please review the following important information:

Our desktop environment stages (GNOME, Cinnamon, etc.) now support seamless installation on VMware Workstation Pro virtual machines. We highly recommend you enable 3D Accelerated Video for your VM, which is not enabled by default. Click here for more info.
Current Release
The current release of Funtoo Linux is next, sometimes referred to as next-release. This is actually a (mostly) rolling release with an emphasis on being current.
Development Model
Funtoo Linux is a community-developed Linux meta-distribution. If you use Funtoo Linux, you are welcome to contribute to its development via code.funtoo.org without going through any special procedure or complicated approval process. See Development Guide for more information on how to contribute to Funtoo. We also have YouTube video tutorials to help you get started.
Support Matrix
Please use our Support Matrix to familiarize yourself with the technologies we do -- and do not -- support.
Documentation Styles
We now offer the ability to read and browse the Install Guide section-by-section. Online users may find this more convenient.
Running Steam
We have recently released official Steam Docker Images as well as support for Steam on Flatpak -- these are the officially-supported way to run Steam on Funtoo. See Steam for more information.
Containers
LXD container management as well as Docker is officially supported. Please see Chroot and Containers for an incomplete but growing list of container technologies available, along with links to further documentation.
New Fchroot Tool
Our new fchroot tool is now available to allow you to run ARM and RISCV environments on PC-compatible hardware. This is a very effective tool for accelerating building of large pieces of software on resource-constrained ARM systems. See the code.funtoo.org page, Frankenchroot and Frankenchroot/Live_NFS_Frankenchroot for set-up information.

Now that we've covered all that important information, it's time to get started installing Funtoo Linux!

   Tip

我們現在提供了Template:Install/zh-tw,線上讀者可能會感到比較方便

Installation Overview

這是Funtoo安裝流程的概覽

下載LiveCD

要安裝Funtoo Linux,首先你需要一個Linux的Live CD或是隨身碟來啟動你的電腦。我們推薦Gentoo系的System Rescue CD ,因為它附有很多工具而且同時支援32和64位元的系統。你可以將它燒錄進CD/DVD或是安裝在隨身碟裡。在這裡可以下載他們:

When installing Funtoo Linux on x86-64bit, we highly recommend the official Funtoo Linux LiveCD/LiveUSB, which can always be downloaded here:

While any modern bootable Linux image should be sufficient to install Funtoo Linux, the Funtoo LiveCD has several advantages over other options. Because it natively runs Funtoo Linux, and includes our official debian-sources kernel with very good hardware support, the hardware it supports is going to match the hardware that Funtoo Linux supports -- thus allowing you to identify any hardware compatibility issues immediately.

In addition, our LiveCD is regularly updated, and includes NetworkManager which allows the use of the easy nmtui command to configure your network. It also includes our innovative Fchroot tool, which allows you to use QEMU to "chroot" into non-x86 systems such as arm-64bit and riscv-64bit. This allows the Funtoo LiveCD to be used to even rescue and set up systems with different instruction sets!

Once downloaded, to copy it to a USB flash drive for booting, use the following command:

root # dd if=funtoo-livecd-20220521-2138.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4k status=progress oflag=sync

Of course, you will need to change /dev/sdX to point to the block device of the USB stick on your system.

連接網路

For steps on setting up network access from the LiveCD, please see the Funtoo:New Install Experience/LiveCD page.

遠端安裝

你也可以透過SSH來遠端登入System Rescue CD來從其他的電腦上安裝,這樣安裝Funtoo Linux可能更加的方便。

First ensure that sshd is running. You may need to start sshd as follows:

root # /etc/init.d/sshd start

如果想要遠端安裝Funtoo,首先你需要去認System Rescue CD已經成功連上網路,然後你會需要設定一組System Rescue CD的root密碼。

root # passwd
New password: ********
Retype new password: ********
passwd: password updated successfully


設定完密碼後,你還會需要知道System Rescue CD的ip位址來ssh它。輸入ifconfig來取得System Rescue CD的ip位址:

root # ifconfig

你也可以使用iproute2 的 ip 工具來找出IP位址:

root # ip addr show

其中一個網路介面應該要擁有一組ip位址(包含字串inet addr:),你可以從區域網路中的其他電腦遠端連接到System Rescue CD並使用現有的作業系統來完成安裝的工作。在像是MacOS或是Linux等你想用來遠端操作的系統上輸入(將1.2.3.4替換為System Rescue CD的ip位址):

(remote system) $ ssh root@1.2.3.4
Password: **********
   Note

如果想從Microsoft Windows連接 你需要下載一個SSH客戶端,例如:PuTTY

在透過SSH登入System Rescue CD之後你就能遠端的執行下列的安裝步驟了。

準備硬碟

在這個章節,你需要選擇一個MBR或UEFI/GPT之中選擇一個硬碟格式,如果你不太熟悉這兩者之間的差別,請參考 Disk Formats以了解更多,大致上在小於2.2TB硬碟之下選擇legacy MBR方法會通常沒什麼問題,大多數的現代Pc系統同時支援MBR和UEFI啟動。

MBR is the traditional way of booting a PC. It works by installing executable code on the boot sector of your hard drive, which starts the boot process. When you use MBR to boot, you must have BIOS booting enabled in your BIOS, use traditional MBR partitions on your disk which are created using the fdisk tool.

UEFI is the more modern way to boot a PC. It works using a boot loader that is built into your computer. Boot entries are created and stored in your computer's non-volatile memory. When you use UEFI to boot, you must have UEFI enabled in your BIOS, and use more modern GPT partitions which are created using the gdisk tool.

Generally, it's usually safe to pick the legacy MBR method for system disks under 2TB in size and most modern PC systems support MBR as well as UEFI booting.

   Note

For more information on differences between MBR and UEFI, see our Disk Formats page for an overview of each option and the trade-offs.

在此之前...

在對硬碟做任何的變更之前,請確保你選擇了正確的目標,使用 lsblk 指令來查看你系統上的所有硬碟(block devices),以及在這些硬碟上的所有分區。

root # lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0  1.8T  0 disk 
├─sda1          8:1    0  512M  0 part 
├─sda2          8:2    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3          8:3    0  1.8T  0 part 
  ├─main-root 254:0    0  500G  0 lvm  /
  └─main-data 254:1    0  1.3T  0 lvm  /home
   Note

If you're not sure which disks are which, you can use lsblk -o MODEL,NAME,SIZE to show the device models matching the /dev/sd? names.

確保你不會把任何重要資料複寫掉而且選擇了正確的 /dev/sd? 裝置,在上面的範例中,你可以看到 sda 包含三個分割區 sda1, sda2sda3而且sda3包含LVM分割。

重複確認完你的目標硬碟之後,確定你將要分割正確的那個硬碟,之後執行。

MBR分割

Legacy (BIOS/MBR) 方法

   Note

如果你正在使用BIOS來啟動且你System Rescue CD的開機選單是淺藍色的,使用這個方法。如果你想要使用UEFT/GPT硬碟格式,請前往下一頁

首先,你需要找到正確的硬碟來進行分割,使用這個指令來確認/dev/sda是你要用來分割的硬碟。

root # fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt

<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
root #         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048   1250263694  596.2G  Linux filesyste Linux filesystem

現在,建議你清除所有現存的MBR或GPT分割表,他會影響BIOS在開機時的工作,我們使用sgdisk來達成目的ː

   Warning

這會使任何現存的分割區消失!!!!!! "強烈" 警告與建議 你在執行之前先行備份

root # sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda

Creating new GPT entries.
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.

這個輸出也是非常正常的,不需要擔心,指令已正常運作ː

***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory. 
***************************************************************

接著使用fdisk來創建MBR分割表和分割區:

root # fdisk /dev/sda

fdisk中依照下列指示操作:

清空分割表:

Command (m for help): o ↵

建立分割區1: (boot)

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): 
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector: 
Last sector: +128M ↵

建立分割區2 (swap):

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): 
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector: 
Last sector: +2G ↵
Command (m for help): t ↵ 
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ↵

建立root分割區:

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): 
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 
First sector: 
Last sector: 

驗證分割表:

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6

Device    Boot     Start       End    Blocks  Id System
/dev/sda1           2048    264191    131072  83 Linux
/dev/sda2         264192   4458495   2097152  82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3        4458496 625142447 310341976  83 Linux

將分割表寫入硬碟:

Command (m for help): w

全新的MBR分割表將會被寫入你的系統硬碟中。

   Note

你已經完成了硬碟分割了! 現在轉跳到建立檔案系統

GPT Partitioning

UEFI/GPT Method

   Note

Use this method if you are interested in booting using UEFI, and if your Funtoo LiveCD initial boot menu was black and white, or the system booted without a boot menu. If it was light blue, this method will not work. Instead, use the instructions in the previous section then skip this section, or reboot LiveCD in UEFI mode first.

   Note

You can build legacy mode into your GPT partition table but it requires a BIOS Boot partition. see Talk:Install/GPT_Partitioning

The gdisk commands to create a GPT partition table are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. Start gdisk:

root # gdisk /dev/sda

Within gdisk, follow these steps:

Create a new empty partition table (This will erase all data on the disk when saved):

Command: o ↵
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y ↵

Create Partition 1 (boot):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 1 ↵
First sector: 
Last sector: +128M ↵
Hex Code: EF00 ↵

Create Partition 2 (swap):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 2 ↵
First sector: 
Last sector: +4G ↵
Hex Code: 8200 ↵

Create Partition 3 (root):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 3 ↵
First sector: 
Last sector:  (for rest of disk)
Hex Code: 

Along the way, you can type "p" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "d" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "w" to write your configuration to disk:

Write Partition Table To Disk:

Command: w ↵
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵

The partition table will now be written to the disk and gdisk will close.

Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following block devices under Linux:

  • /dev/sda1, which will be used to hold the /boot filesystem,
  • /dev/sda2, which will be used for swap space, and
  • /dev/sda3, which will hold your root filesystem.
   Tip

You can verify that the block devices above were correctly created by running the command lsblk.

建立檔案系統

   Note

This section covers both BIOS and UEFI installs. Don't skip it!

在你新建立的分割區能派上用場之前,這些前一個步驟了產物需要被使用"檔案相關資料"初始化,這個步驟又被稱為"建立檔案系統",在檔案系統被建立之後,他們才能被掛載,然後用來儲存檔案。

簡單來說,如果你正在使用舊式的MBR分割區,那麼在/dev/sda1上建立一個ext2檔案系統:

root # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1

If you're using GPT partitions for UEFI, or installing for Raspberry Pi, you'll want to create a vfat filesystem on your first partition. This will be mmcblk0p1 in the case of Raspberry Pi:

root # mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

Now, let's create a swap partition. This partition will be used as disk-based virtual memory for your Funtoo Linux system.

You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, since it is not used to store files. But it is necessary to initialize it using the mkswap command. Then we'll run the swapon command to make your newly-initialized swap space immediately active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process:

root # mkswap /dev/sda2
root # swapon /dev/sda2

Root Filesystem

Now, we need to create a root filesystem. This is where Funtoo Linux will live. We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. Keep in mind that some filesystems will require additional filesystem tools to be emerged prior to rebooting. Please consult the following table for more information:

FilesystemRecommended as root file system?Additional tools required to emerge
ext4YesNone
XFSYessys-fs/xfsprogs
zfsNo - advanced users onlysys-fs/zfs
btrfsNo - advanced users onlysys-fs/btrfs-progs
   Important

We do not recommend users set up ZFS or BTRFS as their root filesystem. This is much more complex and usually not necessary. Instead, choose XFS or ext4. We do support ZFS or BTRFS as non-root filesystems and this is much, much easier to configure. See ZFS and Btrfs after you are done setting up your Funtoo Linux system to configure ZFS or BTRFS for additional secondary storage.

If you're not sure, choose ext4. Here's how to create a root ext4 filesystem:

root # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

...and here's how to create an XFS root filesystem, if you prefer to use XFS instead of ext4:

root # mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3

Your filesystems (and swap) have all now been initialized, so that that can be mounted (attached to your existing directory heirarchy) and used to store files. We are ready to begin installing Funtoo Linux on these brand-new filesystems.

Additional Filesystems

   Note

This can be very useful for Raspberry Pi systems!

You may want to create additional filesystems for various parts of your Funtoo filesystem tree. It is not uncommon to place /home or /var on separate filesystems.

For Raspberry Pi, you may not have a lot of spare room on the card depending on the capacity of your microSD card, and it may make a lot of sense to put the entire /var filesystem on an external hard drive or solid state disk. This will not only ensure you don't run out of disk space, but can also improve performance since writes to the microSD card typically aren't that fast.

To do this, you will want to use fdisk or gdisk to create a partition on your external drive, and then use the mkfs.xfs or mkfs.ext4 commands to create a filesystem on the new partition. We will mount this new filesystem in the next step prior to extracting the stage3 tarball.

Mounting Filesystems

Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating /mnt/funtoo as the installation mount point:

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo
root # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo
root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot
root # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot

If you have any additional filesystems you created earlier (such as /home or /var), you should mount them now, so that when the stage3 is extracted (which we will do in a later step) these filesystems will get populated with the necessary files. This can be done as follows:

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/var
root # mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/funtoo/var

Setting the Date

   Important

If your system's date and time are too far off (typically by months or years), then it may prevent Portage from properly downloading source tarballs. This is because some of our sources are downloaded via HTTPS, which use SSL certificates and are marked with an activation and expiration date. However, if your system time is relatively close to correct, you can probably skip this step for now.

Now is a good time to verify the date and time are correctly set to UTC. Use the date command to verify the date and time:

root # date
Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011

If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using date MMDDhhmmYYYY, keeping in mind hhmm are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:

root # date 071620002011
Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011

Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:

root # hwclock --systohc

Download and Extract Stage3

Now that filesystems are created and your hardware and system clock are set, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux.

To download the correct build of Funtoo Linux for your system, first familiarize yourself with the Support Matrix, in particular the Desktop Environments section, to help you make a decision about which desktop environment to set up (we recommend GNOME for new users.) Then, head over to the Subarches page. Subarches are builds of Funtoo Linux that are designed to run on a particular type of CPU, to offer the best possible performance. They also take advantage of the instruction sets available for each CPU.

What Subarch?

From the subarch list at Subarches, choose your desired level of optimization. A system built specifically for your CPU will run faster than a less-optimized system. For a modern Intel or AMD system, it is safe to pick the exact optimization level for your particular family of CPU. This will offer the best possible performance.

If you are using a virtualization technology to run Funtoo Linux and your VM may be used on different types of hardware, then it's recommended that you use a stage3 that is optimized for the oldest CPU instruction set that your VM will run on, or a more generic image if it may run on both AMD and Intel processors.

Once you have found the appropriate subarch at Subarches, you will likely have a few installation images to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.

Which Image?

Our desktop environment stages (GNOME, Cinnamon, etc.) now support seamless installation on VMware Workstation Pro virtual machines. We highly recommend you enable 3D Accelerated Video for your VM, which is not enabled by default. Click here for more info.

You can always manually choose an installation image via https://build.funtoo.org as well as using the Subarches page. Here is some guidance on choosing the best .tar.xz image for download. When choosing an image:

Pick next.
This is next release of Funtoo Linux, our current release.
Pick the subarch for the CPU family of the system you are installing on.
This will provide the best performance.
Choose stage3 for...
The stage3 is a more traditional, minimal and non-graphical installation of Funtoo. You will then build your system up to your desired state using emerge.
Choose gnome for...
The gnome installation image, if available, includes the full GNOME environment as well as Firefox already optimized for your hardware. You can then continue to further customize your system after installation. See the Desktop Environments section of our Support Matrix for more desktop options.
The lxd image for...
The lxd image is for use with LXD, and is not used for installing directly on a desktop or laptop, so you should not select this option for regular installs. To install, first download and then lxc image import <name>.tar.xz --alias funtoo and then you can lxc launch funtoo my_container.

Download the Stage3

Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use wget to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the /mnt/funtoo directory as follows:

   Note

If you are using the Funtoo LiveCD, you can use a text-based browser to download your preferred stage. Type links https://build.funtoo.org rather than the wget command below. Hit enter to select the appropriate directories and stage3.

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # wget https://build.funtoo.org/next/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz

Verify downloaded tarball

Funtoo Linux stage tarballs are signed using GPG by the build server they are built on. It's a good practice to verify authenticity and integrity of downloaded files when possible. For instructions how to import and trust GPG keys check our wiki page about GPG signatures.

Then, you can download the stage3's GPG signature and use the gpg --verify command in order to verify your tarball:

root # wget https://build.funtoo.org/next/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz.gpg
root # gpg --verify stage3-latest.tar.xz.gpg stage3-latest.tar.xz

Once the stage is downloaded and verified, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your Stage 3 tarball:

root # tar --numeric-owner --xattrs --xattrs-include='*' -xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz
   Important

It is very important to use all the options included above. See below for details.

Here are what the options to tar do:

--numeric-owner
Without this option, tar will map ownership and group ownership based on the UID to user and GID to group mappings as defined on the LiveCD. We don't want this -- we want the numeric values of the UIDs and GIDs in the tarball to be preserved on disk, so when your Funtoo Linux system boots, the UIDs and GIDs are set correctly for Funtoo. That is what this option tells tar to do.
--xattrs --xattrs-include='*'
Funtoo Linux uses filesystem extended attributes to set Linux capabilities, which allow for certain programs such as ping to have enhanced privileges without having to be fully 'suid root'. Even with the -p option, tar will not restore extended attributes we need unless these two options are specified.
-xpf
This instructs tar to extract (x), preserve regular permissions and ownership (p), and use the filename (f) specified.

Chroot into Funtoo

To set up your Funtoo Linux system, we need to "enter into" it before we boot. If you are using the Funtoo Linux LiveCD, this can be easily done with the fchroot command:

root # fchroot /mnt/funtoo
fchroot #

The fchroot command will take care of all necessary steps to enter into your new Funtoo Linux system, as well as clean up things when you exit the fchroot by typing exit or ctrl-D.

If you are using another LiveCD or USB media to install Funtoo, you can manually chroot by using the following set of commands:

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # mount --rbind /proc proc
root # mount --rbind /sys sys
root # mount --rbind /dev dev
root # cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/
root # chroot . /bin/su --login
chroot #
   Note

For users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels installing 32-bit systems: Some software may use uname -r to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want to append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.

   Important

If you receive the error "chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error", it is most likely because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. Make sure that you have selected the proper type of kernel when booting your live CD.

Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:

chroot # ping -c 5 google.com

If you can't ping, make sure that /etc/resolv.conf specifies a valid IP address for a reachable nameserver in its nameserver setting.

Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.

Download Portage Tree

Now it's time to install the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run ego sync from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from GitHub and all kits:

chroot # ego sync

Configuration Files

As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is /etc/fstab. The others are optional.

Using Nano

The default editor included in the chroot environment is called nano. To edit one of the files below, run nano as follows:

chroot # nano -w /etc/fstab

When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer y when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.

We will edit the /etc/fstab file later, when we set up the boot loader.

Configuration Files

Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:

FileDo I need to change it?Description
/etc/fstab YES - required Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.
/etc/localtime Maybe - recommended Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal)
/etc/make.conf NO - not required or recommended Unlike Gentoo, it is normal and correct for this file to be empty in Funtoo Linux, as settings have been migrated to our enhanced profile system. Adding settings from this file will cause your system to be considered a non-standard setup and not officially supported. If you feel you need to add something to this file, be sure to ask on Discord for guidance. You probably don't.
/etc/hosts No You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by /etc/init.d/hostname.
/etc/conf.d/hostname Maybe - recommended Used to set system hostname. Set the hostname variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. foo.funtoo.org) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. foo). Defaults to localhost if not set.
/etc/conf.d/keymaps Optional Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See Funtoo Linux Localization.
/etc/conf.d/hwclock Optional How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.
/etc/conf.d/modules Optional Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See Additional Kernel Resources for more info.
/etc/conf.d/consolefont Optional Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.
/etc/conf.d/swap Optional When using a swap file that is not on the root filesystem, localmount service must be configured to be a dependency of swap service.
profiles Optional Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.

If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the Funtoo Linux Localization page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See Getting Help)

Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use nano -w <name_of_file> to edit files -- the "-w" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.

   Warning

It's important to edit your /etc/fstab file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with gdisk or fdisk. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.

/etc/localtime

/etc/localtime is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace /etc/localtime with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.

chroot # rm -f /etc/localtime
chroot # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime

The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type ls /usr/share/zoneinfo to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of clock from UTC to local, because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.

chroot # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock

Localization

By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see Funtoo Linux Localization.

Introducing Portage

Portage, the Funtoo Linux package manager has a command called emerge which is used to build and install packages from source. It also takes care of installing all of the package's dependencies. You call emerge like this:

chroot # emerge packagename

When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the /var/lib/portage/world file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the world set, we can update our entire system by typing:

chroot # ego sync
chroot # emerge -auDN @world

This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the world set of packages. The options specified tell emerge to:

  • a - show us what will be emerged, and ask us if we want to proceed
  • u - update the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.
  • D - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a deep update.
  • N - Update any packages that have changed (new) USE settings.

Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the world file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependency of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:

chroot # emerge -1 packagename

Advanced users may be interested in the Emerge wiki page.

Prepare Disk

Funtoo Linux stage3's include a pre-built debian-sources kernel to make installation faster and easier. To see what kernel version is pre-installed, type:

chroot # emerge -s debian-sources
Searching...    
[ Results for search key : debian-sources ]
[ Applications found : 1 ]

*  sys-kernel/debian-sources
      Latest version available: 5.9.6_p1
      Latest version installed: 5.9.6_p1
      Size of files: 118,723 kB
      Homepage:      https://packages.debian.org/unstable/kernel/
      Description:   Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)
      License:       GPL-2

Firmware

At this point it is wise to emerge the latest sys-kernel/linux-firmware package, because various drivers rely on firmware blobs and instructions. Hardware like Wi-Fi cards, graphic cards, network cards, and others will not work properly or at all if firmware is not available. If using the stage3 image, perform the following to install it. linux-firmware will be already installed if using the gnome image:

chroot # emerge -av linux-firmware

Bootloader

How Booting Works

In order for Funtoo Linux to boot, it must detect the boot filesystem, root filesystem and swap. The most reliable way to do this is to use the UUID, or unique identifier, of the partitions holding these filesystems. We will use these UUID values in the /etc/fstab, which we will set up next.

The UUID allows Linux to find the right filesystem, even if it detects the disks differently or you move them around in your computer. Funtoo Linux uses a Linux kernel and initial RAM disk to boot, and to get everything set up, we need to set up /etc/fstab correctly, and then install the GRUB boot loader -- and there are two different commands for this, depending on whether you are using MBR or UEFI. Then, finally, we run ego boot update which is a Funtoo command that configures everything for us.

Label partitions

To see the UUIDs for your existing filesystems, type the following command:

root # ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 27 13:42 6883428138129353569 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 CE4B-855D -> ../../nvme0n1p1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 ac280eb5-1ea7-4742-9e71-9c7addd35c54 -> ../../nvme0n1p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 e5a76428-8b3f-4349-81af-cbe29c7f7d09 -> ../../nvme0n1p3

The UUIDs are listed to the left-hand side of the ->. Use these values for setting up the /etc/fstab file, below.

/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used by the mount command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform mount about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit /etc/fstab and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier:

chroot # nano -w /etc/fstab
   /etc/fstab - An example fstab file
UUID=CE4B-855D                                  /boot         vfat    noauto,noatime  1 2
UUID=ac280eb5-1ea7-4742-9e71-9c7addd35c54       none          swap    sw              0 0
UUID=e5a76428-8b3f-4349-81af-cbe29c7f7d09       /             ext4    noatime         0 1
   Important

Be sure to use the actual UUIDs from your system, not the example values above!

   Note

If you mounted a /var or /home partition, add them to your fstab, or your system may not boot correctly.

boot.conf

/etc/boot.conf controls boot loader configuration in Funtoo and is used by ego boot. The default configuration is probably fine for you, so most can skip to the appropriate "GRUB Install" section, later on this page.

Here is what is in the file by default:

   /etc/boot.conf
boot {
	generate grub
	default "Funtoo Linux"
	timeout 3
}

"Funtoo Linux" {
	kernel kernel[-v]
	initrd initramfs[-v]
	params += real_root=auto rootfstype=auto
}

"Funtoo Linux (nomodeset)" {
	kernel kernel[-v]
	initrd initramfs[-v]
	params += real_root=auto rootfstype=auto nomodeset
}

If you are booting a custom or non-default kernel, please read man boot.conf for information on the various options available to you.

nomodeset

You will notice after booting that you there will be a boot option in the GRUB menu for a "nomodeset" mode. We don't recommend you use this mode by default but it is available to you for a couple of good reasons:

  • For users with HiDPI (4K+) displays, especially laptops: If you have not set up a graphical environment, when the kernel automatically changes graphics modes, the console font can be tiny and unreadable.
  • For users with incompatible graphics cards: Some graphics cards don't handle mode setting properly and this can result in a blank screen after reboot. Use this boot option as a temporary workaround.

To use the nomodeset option, simply select that option from the GRUB menu when your system boots.

rootwait

If you are using a root partition on an nvme device, add the rootwait kernel parameter to force the kernel to wait for it to asynchronously initialize or the kernel will panic on some hardware.

Intel Microcode

ego boot will ensure that you have the most recent Intel CPU microcode installed on your system if you emerge the following packages. These will be merged for you already if you are using a desktop stage3:

chroot # emerge -av intel-microcode iucode_tool

This is not necessary for AMD systems.

GRUB Install: Old School (BIOS) MBR

When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the /boot/grub/grub.cfg configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:

chroot # grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sdX

GRUB Install: New School (UEFI) Boot Entry

If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.

For x86-64bit systems:

chroot # mount -o remount,rw /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
chroot # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck

For x86-32bit systems:

chroot # mount -o remount,rw /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
chroot # grub-install --target=i386-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck

Ego!

Now, let's run Funtoo's ego boot update command to get everything configured. This will detect the current kernel(s) on your system and create the necessary GRUB boot entries to get your system booted:

chroot # ego boot update

You only need to run grub-install when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run ego boot update every time you modify your /etc/boot.conf. When you emerge updated kernels, ego boot update will be run automatically as part of the install process. This will regenerate /boot/grub/grub.cfg so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu upon your next reboot.

Post reboot UEFI troubleshooting

In case UEFI NVRAM boot entry is missing in BIOS and grub does not start you can try moving an already installed GRUB EFI executable to the default/fallback path

chroot # mv -v '/boot/EFI/Funtoo Linux [GRUB]' /boot/EFI/BOOT
chroot # mv -v /boot/EFI/BOOT/grubx64.efi /boot/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI

First Boot, and in the future...

OK -- you are almost ready to boot!

Network

It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.

Wi-Fi

   Note

If using the gnome or other desktop install image, linux-firmware and NetworkManager are already installed and available. You can use nmtui to get Wi-Fi going if you need network connectivity prior to getting X and GNOME fully up and running. In addition, desktop stage3's have ZeroConf/Bonjour multicast DNS lookups enabled by default. Both these things will not be set up yet if you are using the basic stage3 image.

For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks, NetworkManager is strongly recommended. Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild if you have not done so already:

chroot # emerge linux-firmware networkmanager
chroot # rc-update add NetworkManager default

The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the nmtui command (which has an easy-to-use console-based interface) to configure NetworkManager so that it will connect (and automatically reconnect, after reboot) to a Wi-Fi access point:

chroot # nmtui

For more information about NetworkManager, see the NetworkManager package page.

Desktop (Wired DHCP)

For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add dhcpcd to the default runlevel:

chroot # rc-update add dhcpcd default

When you reboot, dhcpcd will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.

If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.

Server (Static IP)

For servers, the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts are the supported option for network configuration, and they have their own documentation. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual Ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See Funtoo Linux Networking for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.

Hostname

By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit

chroot # nano /etc/conf.d/hostname

Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.

   Warning

Hostnames can be up to 63 characters long and may use the following characters: a-z, 0-9 and hyphens (-). However, the hyphen may not be the first or last character.

Finishing Up

Set your root password

It's imperative that you set your root password before rebooting so that you can log in.

chroot # passwd
New password: **********
Retype new password: **********
passwd: password updated successfully

Create a Regular User

It's also a good idea to create a regular user for daily use. If you're using GNOME, this is a requirement as you cannot log in to GDM (The GNOME Display Manager) as root. This can be accomplished as follows:

chroot # useradd -m drobbins

You will also likely want to add your primary user to one or more supplemental groups. Here is a list of important groups and their effect:

GroupDescription
wheelAllows your user account to 'su' to root. Recommended on your primary user account for easy maintenance. Also used with sudo.
audioAllows your user account to directly access audio devices. Required if using ALSA; otherwise optional.
videoAllows your user account to directly access video devices. Required for certain video drivers and webcams.
plugdevAllows your user account work with various removable devices. Allows adding of a WiFi network in GNOME without providing root password. Recommended for desktop users.
portageAllows extended use of Portage as regular user. Recommended.

To add your user to multiple groups, use the usermod command, specifying a complete group list:

chroot # usermod -G wheel,audio,video,plugdev,portage drobbins

As with your root account, don't forget to set a password:

chroot # passwd drobbins
New password: **********
Retype new password: **********
passwd: password updated successfully

Install an Entropy Generator

The Linux kernel uses various sources such as user input to generate entropy, which is in turn used for generating random numbers. Encrypted communications can use a lot of entropy, and often the amount of entropy generated by your system will not be sufficient. This is commonly an issue on headless server systems, which can also include ARM systems such as Raspberry Pi, and can result in slower than normal ssh connections among other issues.

To compensate for this, a user-space entropy generator can be emerged and enabled at boot time. We will use haveged in this example, although others are available, such as rng-tools.

chroot # emerge haveged
chroot # rc-update add haveged default

Haveged will now start at boot and will augment the Linux kernel's entropy pool.

Restart your system

Now is the time to leave fchroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.

To leave the fchroot, simply type exit and you will be returned back to your LiveCD shell.

If you used manual chroot steps, you can use the following sequence of commands prepare to restart:

chroot # exit
root # cd /mnt
root # umount -lR funtoo

Now, you are ready to reboot into Funtoo:

root # reboot

You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a login: prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!

Profiles

Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using Funtoo Profiles. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the Funtoo Profiles page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:

Sub-Profile TypeDescription
archTypically x86-32bit or x86-64bit, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.
buildDefines whether your system is a current, stable or experimental build. At the moment, all Funtoo Linux builds use the funtoo-current build profile.
subarchDefines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.
flavorDefines the general type of system, such as server or desktop, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.
mix-insDefines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.

One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use epro show to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information.

   Note

It's recommended that your run this command now, particularly if you are using the gnome install image, in order to familiarize yourself with the current profile settings on your system.

root # epro show

=== Enabled Profiles: ===

        arch:  x86-64bit
       build:  current
     subarch:  intel64-haswell
      flavor:  desktop
     mix-ins:  gnome


=== All inherited flavors from desktop flavor: ===

                     workstation (from desktop flavor)
                            core (from workstation flavor)
                         minimal (from core flavor)

=== All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor: ===

                               X (from workstation flavor)
                           audio (from workstation flavor)
                             dvd (from workstation flavor)
                           media (from workstation flavor)
      mediadevice-audio-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
      mediadevice-video-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
        mediaformat-audio-common (from media mix-in)
          mediaformat-gfx-common (from media mix-in)
        mediaformat-video-common (from media mix-in)
                  console-extras (from workstation flavor)
                           print (from desktop flavor)

Here are some basic examples of epro usage:

DescriptionCommand
View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a * appended.epro list
Change the system flavor.epro flavor desktop
Add a mix-in.epro mix-in +gnome

Graphics Settings

   Note

The gnome install image will have additional graphic support already enabled for you, but you will still need to set up X and your display manager (covered in the next section.)

Funtoo Linux 1.4 features the following mix-ins to allow simplified configuration of your graphics settings. It's recommended to use these mix-ins rather than manually placing USE and VIDEO_CARDS settings in /etc/make.conf. You can learn more about Funtoo's graphics configuration and the design approach of these settings at the make.conf/VIDEO_CARDS page.

Funtoo Graphics Mix-Ins

gfxcard-intel
This mix-in is equivalent to gfxcard-intel-classic or gfxcard-intel-iris, depending on the release you're running. Currently, it defaults to gfxcard-intel-classic on 1.4-release and to gfxcard-intel-classic on Next release. Do not enable more than 1 gfxcard-intel* mix-in at the same time. The result is not what you might expect.
gfxcard-intel-classic
This mix-in enables Intel graphics support based on the older i915 mesa driver (not to be confused with the i915 kernel driver). Choose this if you have a Gen3 or older chipset.
gfxcard-intel-iris
This mix-in enables Intel graphics support for cards with glamor modesetting support (drivers i965 or iris), including support OpenGL ES (>=Gen4) and OpenCL and Vulkan (>=Gen7) and video acceleration where available. If your card is >=Gen5, do an emerge libva-intel-driver or emerge media-libs/libva-intel-media-driver (for >=Gen8) afterwards to ensure you have full video acceleration support.
gfxcard-amdgpu
This mix-in enables support for modern Radeon cards, Southern Islands -- GFX Core 6 (see this x.org reference) and greater. Includes Vulkan and video acceleration where available. Drivers are built for both the Gallium framework (modern replacement for DRI framework) and DRI framework. Glamor is used to accelerate 2D operations.
gfxcard-radeon
This mix-in enables support for modern Radeon cards, R600 through Northern Islands -- GFX Core 4 and 5 (see this x.org reference). Drivers are built for the Gallium framework (modern replacement for DRI framework) as well as DRI framework. Glamor is used to accelerate 2D operations.
gfxcard-older-ati
Use this mix-in to enable support for R300 up to (but not including) R600 Radeon cards -- -- GFX Core 3 (see this x.org reference). DRI as well as Gallium-based drivers are enabled.
gfxcard-ancient-ati
Use this mix-in to enable support pre-R300 cards -- GFX Core 1 and 2 (see this x.org reference). These drivers are DRI-based.
gfxcard-nvidia
Use this to enable support for proprietary NVIDIA drivers. You will also need to emerge nvidia-kernel-modules, blacklist nouveau and add yourself to the video group. See this documentation for more details. Note that Funtoo now has two catpkgs for NVIDIA proprietary graphics -- nvidia-drivers and nvidia-kernel-modules -- to aid the use of NVIDIA acceleration on containers.
gfxcard-nvidia-legacy
Proprietary NVIDIA drivers like above, but the legacy version of the driver that supports older hardware. See https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/drivers/unix/ and browse the specific driver version that emerge is installing to get detailed compatibility information.
gfxcard-nouveau
Use this mix-in to enable support for Open Source nouveau drivers.

Enable the appropriate graphics options for your hardware as follows:

root # epro mix-in +gfxcard-intel

Once this has been done, proceed to set up X, KDE, GNOME or another desktop environment on your system, as desired. See the next section for more information on this.

All Done!

If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out Funtoo Linux First Steps, which will help get you acquainted with your new system.

   Important

If you are using the gnome install image, please see the "A few finishing touches" section of the GNOME setup docs in order to continue setting up your graphical environment.

You may also be interested in the following resources:

  • Chroot_and_Containers setting up 32 bit containers to run wine, and STEAM.
  • Security - tips for securing your system
  • Btrfs - a simple guide for setting up btrfs on your new Funtoo Linux system.
  • official documentation, which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.

We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See the First Steps Category for a list of these pages.

If your system did not boot correctly, see Installation Troubleshooting for steps you can take to resolve the problem.