GNOME First Steps/es

GNOME 3 es una manera fácil y elegante de usar su computadora. Está diseñado para su control total y libertad. GNOME 3 es un proyecto desarrollado por la comunidad GNOME, un grupo diverso e internacional de desarrolladores y contributores que es fundado por una organización sin ánimo de lucro. GNOME

Prerequisitos

Antes de intentar instalar Gnome, primero asegúrese de que ha instalado y probado el X Window System en su ordenador.

Preparándose para instalar

Luego de verificar que usted tiene instalado el X Window system en su computadora, cambie el "sabor" de su sistema a "desktop" y encienda el mix-in de gnome. Para lograr esto deberá ejecutar lo siguiente:

root # epro flavor desktop
root # epro mix-ins +gnome

Al habilitar el mix-in de gnome, muchas configuraciónes incluyendo las variables USE de portage, se optimizarán para brindarle una instalación relativamente sencilla de Gnome.

Soporte Opcional para Wayland

Desde la versión 1.3, ahora es posible utilizar Wayland en lugar de X como su servidor gráfico. Si usted desea habilitar esto (es opcional) deberá ejecutar el siguiente comando:

root # epro mix-ins +wayland

   Warning

Si bien wayland tiene soporte en Funtoo, wayland por si mismo no se considera un software maduro y muchos usuarios experimentarán mejores resultados con X que con Wayland.

Cuando usted utilice wayland, si está utilizando los nvidia-drivers deberá añadir el KMS de NVIDIA editando su archivo /etc/boot.conf, añadiendo los siguientes params: nvidia-drm.modeset=1. El KMS deberá ser encendido "manualmente" si desea utilizar los nvidia-drivers.

X ó Wayland

Querrá asegurarse de ejecutar etc-update ó dispatch-conf para actualizar sus archivos de configuración luego de que algo sea instalado. Particularmente, mire al archivo /etc/gdm/custom.conf y asegúrese de que las configuraciones presentes confirmen que está o no utilizando Wayland. Esto controlará si GDM ejecuta o no Wayland o, si es capaz de ejecutar sesiones tanto de X como de Wayland. Si Wayland está deshabilitado en GDM entonces el mismo solo será capaz de iniciar sesiones con X.

   /etc/gdm/custom.conf

[daemon]
WaylandEnable=true

Instalación

Los repositorios de Funtoo Linux poseen dos "meta paquetes" que pueden ser utilizados para instalar GNOME. Uno de ellos, gnome-light instala un entorno de escritorio GNOME mínimo con algunas aplicaciones y juegos "extra" que pueden encontrarse en las categorías de portage gnome-extra y games-* respectivamente. Si está interesado en tener un escritorio Gnome con aplicaciones adicionales como un visor de fotos, editor de texto, reproductor de sonido, visor de fuentes, etc., inmediatamente después de instalar los paquetes de Gnome, considere instalar el paquete gnome en lugar de gnome-light.

   Note

Aplicaciones individuales de GNOME pueden ser instaladas sobre una instalación de gnome-light , permitiendole instalar solo las aplicaciones que necesite, evitando inflar su sistema innecesariamente.

Debajo hay una lista comparando las aplicaciones en una instalación por defecto en gnome-light y gnome:

gnome-light	gnome
Includes: gnome-terminal nautilus (El manejador de archivos por defecto en GNOME) gnome-shell (puede ser eliminado usando la -gnome-shell USE flag en su instalación) gnome-control-center	Incluye: gnome-terminal nautilus gnome-shell gnome-control-center gnome-contacts eog (Un visor de imágenes) gnome-weather gnome-maps ... y muchas más aplicaciones.
Es mejor para: Usuarios que desean una instalación mínima que no utilice mucho espacio en el disco. Usuarios que se sienten cómodos instalando paquetes adicionales solo cuando sean necesarios	Es mejor para: Usuarios que desean una experiencia completa de GNOME luego de la instalación. Usuarios que no le dan importancia a un uso extra de recursos y aplicaciones instaladas en su sistema.
Como instalar: emerge gnome-light	Como instalar: emerge gnome

Los pasos que deberán seguirse para instalar GNOME son los siguientes:

root # emerge -auDN @world
root # emerge gnome

   Important

Asegúrese de que la opción VIDEO_CARDS en su archivo /etc/make.conf esté configurada correctamente. Esto será necesario incluso si usa Wayland.

Algunos toques finales

Drivers privativos de NVIDIA

While many video drivers (those that are part of xorg-x11) do not require users to be part of the video group for hardware acceleration, the proprietary NVIDIA drivers definitely do require this. Please make sure that any non-root user is part of the video group, and ensure that Nouveau kernel modules are blacklisted. Setup steps for proprietary NVIDIA drivers can be found on the the NVIDIA Linux Display Drivers page.

Other Graphics Drivers =

Users of other graphics drivers typically don't need to perform any steps other than ensure that the correct gfxcard- mix-in is enabled and the system is updated (via emerge -auDN @world to ensure that this support is active. See the Graphics Settings portion of the Installation documentation for more information on the different mix-ins available.

Setting up xdm (GUI log-in)

Most users of Gnome are satisfied using gdm, the Gnome display manager, to log in to Gnome. To clarify: a display manager provides a graphical interface during system startup that allows users to log in to a desktop environment.

By default, GNOME displays the /etc/motd file for several seconds after you log in via GDM. The best way to eliminate this delay is to remove the unnecessary /etc/motd file, which only contains information related to when your stage3 was built:

root # rm /etc/motd

By default, after installing Gnome, GDM is not enabled. To enable GDM, edit /etc/conf.d/xdm and set the DISPLAYMANAGER variable to gdm instead of the default, xdm. When finished, your /etc/conf.d/xdm file should look like:

   /etc/conf.d/xdm

# We always try and start X on a static VT. The various DMs normally default
# to using VT7. If you wish to use the xdm init script, then you should ensure
# that the VT checked is the same VT your DM wants to use. We do this check to
# ensure that you haven't accidentally configured something to run on the VT
# in your /etc/inittab file so that you don't get a dead keyboard.
CHECKVT=7

# What display manager do you use ?
# NOTE: If this is set in /etc/rc.conf, that setting will override this one.
DISPLAYMANAGER="gdm"

Once you finish configuring that file, add the xdm service to the default runlevel so that GDM will start automatically when your system has finished loading other services. xdm need dbus service started before. To achieve this:

root # rc-update add dbus default
root # rc-update add elogind default

Above command adds dbus to list of services to be started at boot. At this point, you are encouraged to reboot your system to get system services initialized in the proper state, and to ensure that any newly-rebuilt services are running:

root # reboot

After the system reboots, log in and start the xdm service:

root # /etc/init.d/xdm start

Hopefully, all goes well and you see a graphical login screen. If you would like xdm to start automatically at boot, you can add it to your default runlevel as follows:

root # rc-update add xdm default

Setting up xinitrc (text-based log-in)

If, instead of using a display manager like GDM, you would rather log into the console and start Gnome from there, add the following to your ~/.xinitrc file:

   ~/.xinitrc

# Fix Missing Applications in Gnome
export XDG_MENU_PREFIX=gnome-

# Properly Launch the Desired X Session
exec ck-launch-session gnome-session

   Note

If you need support for different input sources, there is no longer a need to configure IBus or SCIM in your ~.xinitrc file as GNOME uses IBus natively. Simply configure it in the Gnome Control Center under the Region & Language section.

Upgrading from older Gnome releases

To update either gnome-light or gnome to a newer version, run the following command:

root # emerge -vauDN world

Subsystems

Bluetooth

For bluetooth support under Gnome, ensure that:

1. Bluetooth support is enabled within your kernel (using modules is fine).
2. Your bluetooth hardware is turned on.
3. Your user is in the plugdev group.

After ensuring those two things, the bluetooth startup script can be added to the default runlevel and started:

root # rc-update add bluetooth default
root # rc

Once the rc command has been run, the bluetooth init file has been run, meaning that you should now be able to navigate to the Gnome Control Center's Bluetooth section to turn bluetooth on. The icon next to devices should now animate and you should be able to discover and add devices such as bluetooth keyboards and mice.

   Note

Additional kernel drivers may be necessary for certain input devices. For example, for the bluetooth Apple Magic Trackpad, the following option must be enabled in your kernel:

Under Device Drivers-->HID support-->HID bus support-->Special HID drivers:

<M> Apple Magic Mouse/Trackpad multi-touch support

Printing

To enable printing support, add the cupsd init file to the default runlevel and then start the cupsd service by running the rc command:

root # rc-update add cupsd default
root # rc

You should now be able to navigate to the Gnome Control Center's Printers sections and add printers to your system. After adding printers to your system, you should, hopefully, be able to print to them. If you have troubles with the default printer drivers, consider reading

Scanning

To enable scanning support, add your user account (and the accounts of any other users who may need to scan) to the lp group. By adding your user account to this group, you will have access to any locally attached scanner:

root # gpasswd -a <username> lp

After adding yourself and any other desired users to the lp local printing group, install xsane, a graphical scanning frontend, by running the following command:

root # emerge xsane

When you run xsane, it should be able to access your scanner.

Automatically Starting Applications at Login

When using an old-fashioned Template:~/.xinitrc, loading applications when X starts is relatively easy, simply add different applications to launch on separate lines in the file. When using GDM, this can also be accomplished with ease by editing the ~/.xprofile file. Here is a sample ~/.xprofile that runs the xflux application to dim a computer's monitor at night:

   ~/.xprofile

xflux -z 87107

   Note

Remember to add an & at the end of any command that doesn't return directly to the shell prompt after running.

Games

Gnome has a plethora of games that can be added to your installation of either gnome-light or gnome. By default, the majority of Gnome games are not included in the gnome and gnome-light packages. If you are interested in playing games under Gnome, or for that matter, any other desktop environment, you will want to add your user account to the games group. This can be accomplished easily by running the following command:

root # gpasswd -a $USER games

The above command appends games to the list of groups that you are already a member of. Once your user account has been added to the games group, you should log out and log back in to apply the changes to your user at log-in. Below is a list of games that were developed by the Gnome team with the Gnome desktop environment in mind:

• gnome-sudoku
• gnome-mastermind
• gnome-nibbles
• gnome-robots
• gnome-chess
• gnome-hearts
• gnome-mahjongg
• gnome-mines
• gnome-klotski
• gnome-tetravex
• gnomeboyadvance
• gnome-mud

To install any of the above games, simply run an:

root # emerge <gamename>